奶粉製品
naifenzhipinzheyimingchengshejideshifenmozhuangdenaizhipinhuojianchengweinaifen。naifenzhipinbingbujinjinzhideshiquanzhinaideganzao,erqieyebaokuoganzaoyixiliecongnaizhongtiqudechanpin,huocongtongchangdequanzhinaizhongtiqudegezhongzufen。
例如,全脂奶粉和脫脂奶粉(這種產品是最初的全脂奶被分離,隻留下無脂肪的成分),乳清粉(從幹酪製造過程中剩下的乳清液體中產生出來的)以及白脫奶粉(從奶油製造過程中排出的乳清液體中生產出來的)。
這(zhe)些(xie)產(chan)品(pin)便(bian)可(ke)以(yi)代(dai)表(biao)基(ji)本(ben)的(de)奶(nai)粉(fen)製(zhi)品(pin)了(le)。這(zhe)些(xie)奶(nai)粉(fen)是(shi)水(shui)溶(rong)性(xing)的(de),當(dang)重(zhong)新(xin)和(he)適(shi)量(liang)的(de)水(shui)混(hun)合(he)時(shi),這(zhe)種(zhong)液(ye)體(ti)含(han)有(you)的(de)營(ying)養(yang)以(yi)及(ji)特(te)色(se)都(dou)與(yu)幹(gan)燥(zao)前(qian)的(de)液(ye)體(ti)奶(nai)相(xiang)同(tong)。
同tong樣yang,也ye可ke以yi生sheng產chan更geng為wei高gao級ji的de,僅jin含han有you全quan脂zhi原yuan料liao奶nai一yi些xie組zu分fen的de奶nai粉fen製zhi品pin。例li如ru,高gao蛋dan白bai奶nai粉fen可ke以yi從cong全quan脂zhi原yuan料liao中zhong提ti取qu部bu分fen或huo全quan部bu蛋dan白bai質zhi製zhi成cheng。這zhe些xie產chan品pin有you時shi也ye可ke以yi不bu必bi是shi水shui溶rong性xing的de,而er利li用yong它ta們men的de特te殊shu價jia值zhi作zuo為wei其qi它ta食shi品pin的de強qiang化hua添tian加jia物wu或huo混hun合he於yu其qi它ta的de加jia工gong程cheng序xu之zhi中zhong。
奶的幹燥過程 在(zai)奶(nai)的(de)幹(gan)燥(zao)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),一(yi)般(ban)使(shi)用(yong)兩(liang)種(zhong)加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)序(xu),即(ji)滾(gun)筒(tong)幹(gan)燥(zao)或(huo)噴(pen)霧(wu)幹(gan)燥(zao),製(zhi)造(zao)條(tiao)件(jian)對(dui)奶(nai)粉(fen)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)特(te)性(xing)具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)當(dang)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang),因(yin)此(ci),對(dui)標(biao)準(zhun)加(jia)工(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)要(yao)作(zuo)許(xu)多(duo)調(tiao)整(zheng)。
1.滾gun筒tong幹gan燥zao。在zai滾gun筒tong幹gan燥zao過guo程cheng中zhong,液ye體ti奶nai在zai緩huan慢man轉zhuan動dong的de臥wo式shi滾gun筒tong表biao麵mian進jin行xing幹gan燥zao,滾gun筒tong靠kao引yin入ru滾gun筒tong內nei的de蒸zheng汽qi進jin行xing加jia熱re,蒸zheng汽qi的de溫wen度du應ying使shi滾gun筒tong的de表biao麵mian達da到dao150℃,zhejiukedaozhishuifenxunsuzhengfa,zaiguntongzhuandongyibanyihou,naijikexingchengyibocengganfen。zhecengganfenbeiyibadingzaiguntongshangdedaoguaxia。suihoujinxingzhansuihuomosui,chengweixifen。naifensuihoudabao。guntongganzaobipenwuganzaochengbenyaodilian,danshichanpinjinanqudegaozhiliang。guntongganzaodenaifen,changyoulvedaiyixie“煮燒”的味道,總的來講,衝調不易,不能完全被水溶解,通常隻能溶解85%。naiyuguntongderebiaomianjiechuzhezhongxiangduidejijurechuli,suirandaozhileshangshudenaxieyingxiang,danshi,tongshiyebaozhenglebijiaoyangedexiaodu。yinci,zaiguoqu,dabufenyingershipinduocaiyongguntongganzaoerjiaoshaocaiyongpenwuganzao。
在新西蘭,隻生產數量非常有限的滾筒幹燥奶粉,而絕大多數奶粉都是用噴霧幹燥製成。
2.噴霧幹燥。在噴霧幹燥加工中,其原理是(使奶變成細小的霧狀小滴)將奶引入空氣溫度至少150℃的熱氣氣流,經常超過200℃。由you於yu霧wu化hua使shi奶nai滴di形xing成cheng極ji大da的de表biao麵mian,便bian可ke使shi奶nai滴di表biao麵mian在zai熱re氣qi流liu中zhong非fei常chang迅xun速su地di蒸zheng發fa掉diao水shui分fen,這zhe些xie奶nai滴di幾ji乎hu就jiu在zai瞬shun間jian之zhi內nei便bian於yu為wei溫wen度du很hen底di的de奶nai粉fen。
在實際生產當中,噴霧方法分兩大類:即將奶霧化或引入幹燥箱。奶既可以通過一速度達15 000轉/fenzhongdekuaisuzhuanpandelixinlijinxingwuhua,yiketongguoteshushejiyouxuduoxiaokongdepenzuiheyigekaifenghuoluoxuanchatouchanshengdexuanzhuandongzuoxingchengwuhua。naizaigaoyaxiajinrupenzui。zheyang,zailixinpenwuganzaoqiyuyalipenwuganzaoqizhijianbianyoulemingxiandechabie。
噴霧幹燥設備和工藝 (1)yiguandaogongqishebei。tongguozheyishebeiganzaokongqijinruganzaoshi。ganzaokongqijingguoguolvzhihou,beiyiwolunshifengshanyigaosuyinru,jingguokongqijiareqi,zheyijiareqikeyishizhengqifusheshide,yikeyishijunyunreyouxunhuanjiareqi,jiangkongqicongshiwenjiarezhiganzaowendu。
(2)一(yi)個(ge)巨(ju)大(da)的(de),通(tong)常(chang)是(shi)立(li)式(shi)幹(gan)燥(zao)箱(xiang)有(you)一(yi)維(wei)形(xing)的(de)底(di)部(bu)。熱(re)空(kong)氣(qi)一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)頂(ding)部(bu)空(kong)氣(qi)分(fen)配(pei)係(xi)統(tong)進(jin)入(ru)的(de),霧(wu)化(hua)奶(nai)滴(di)是(shi)從(cong)非(fei)常(chang)接(jie)近(jin)剛(gang)進(jin)來(lai)的(de)熱(re)空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)進(jin)入(ru)的(de),熱(re)空(kong)氣(qi)立(li)即(ji)與(yu)霧(wu)化(hua)奶(nai)滴(di)相(xiang)接(jie)觸(chu),這(zhe)樣(yang),迅(xun)速(su)的(de)混(hun)合(he)可(ke)立(li)即(ji)使(shi)水(shui)分(fen)蒸(zheng)發(fa)。
(3)管(guan)道(dao)空(kong)氣(qi)排(pai)出(chu)線(xian)。通(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)一(yi)排(pai)出(chu)線(xian),在(zai)幹(gan)燥(zao)室(shi)內(nei)使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)由(you)一(yi)排(pai)出(chu)風(feng)扇(shan)排(pai)出(chu)去(qu)。從(cong)幹(gan)燥(zao)室(shi)中(zhong)抽(chou)出(chu)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)由(you)於(yu)奶(nai)中(zhong)水(shui)分(fen)的(de)蒸(zheng)發(fa)而(er)降(jiang)低(di)了(le)溫(wen)度(du),並(bing)且(qie)其(qi)中(zhong)也(ye)要(yao)帶(dai)上(shang)10~20%denaifenchanpin,zhexiedoushihunheyuqiliuzhizhongdegengxidekesui。zaishiyongguodekongqiconggaixitongzhongchouchuzhiqian,yaojingguoyixiliedexuanfengfenliqi,huishouhunrudenaifen,shiqihunhekelixiaoyu10微米(要依旋風分離器的設計和效率而定)。也許還有一些附加係統,如過濾袋或濕式洗滌器,使奶粉的回收可提高到99.8%。
(4)在設計適宜的幹燥箱中,大部分的奶粉(約80%)都dou降jiang至zhi其qi底di部bu,在zai這zhe裏li奶nai粉fen被bei不bu斷duan取qu走zou,通tong常chang是shi用yong氣qi壓ya的de方fang法fa送song至zhi儲chu存cun鬥dou或huo料liao倉cang,在zai這zhe裏li也ye許xu就jiu由you連lian續xu係xi統tong打da包bao裝zhuang了le。從cong排pai出chu空kong氣qi旋xuan風feng分fen離li下xia來lai的de奶nai粉fen被bei直zhi接jie送song入ru從cong幹gan燥zao箱xiang底di部bu運yun出chu的de奶nai粉fen之zhi中zhong。
由於將液體奶製造成奶粉的噴霧幹燥器的能量消耗大(相當於1.7公斤蒸汽,蒸發1公斤水),suoyichangchangshijiangyetinaizaiyinrupenwuganzaoqizhiqianjinxingnongsuo,tongchangyibanzuoyoudeshuishouxiancongyetinaizhongbeizhengfachuqu,shengchengnongsuonai。zhengfagongxuzaiyiduojizhenkongzhengfaqizhongjinxing。naitongguofenpeiqijinruguanfaqidediyijiguanzhuangjiareti,yigaosuluoxia,xingchengyicengbomo,zaijiaretideguandaozhongluoxia。naihezhengqicongjiaretijinruxiangliandefenliqi,zaizhelizhengqibeipaichu,nongsuonaijinruxiayixiliedejiareqihebuduanchouzhenkongdefenlishi,yongzhezhongfangshinongsuoshiyouyidingxiandude。tongchangshiyounongsuoruyeyinshiqushuifenerbuduanzengjiadezhandujuedingde。zhandudezengjiayuyetizhongzongguxingwudezengjiachengzhishuguanxi。suoyidayue50%的總固形物的熱交換率放慢了,水的蒸發也更為緩慢。一個蒸發器的能量消耗大約相當於0.25公斤蒸汽蒸發1公斤水。
3.自zi動dong化hua噴pen霧wu幹gan燥zao。蒸zheng發fa和he噴pen霧wu幹gan燥zao過guo程cheng可ke以yi進jin行xing高gao度du自zi動dong化hua的de控kong製zhi。而er高gao度du自zi動dong化hua控kong製zhi亦yi可ke保bao證zheng對dui奶nai粉fen特te性xing和he成cheng份fen保bao持chi連lian續xu的de控kong製zhi。在zai蒸zheng發fa器qi中zhong,奶nai流liu率lv、真空度、蒸汽流率,以及其濃縮的程度皆可得到控製。在噴霧幹燥器中也類似於此,熱風溫度、氣流率、進入霧化器的濃縮液流也可能進行控製。大部分參數都是相互關係的,它們足以連續控製產品質量的穩定性。
噴霧幹燥奶粉的形態和成分 典型的噴霧幹燥奶粉顆粒是球形的,其直徑範圍從低於10到300weimi,tongchangkelineibuhanyouyuanxingqitihuoqipao。dianxingdenaifendesongmiduyaoyilaikelidedaxiaohexingzhuangyijinaifendexingshiheqitayixiezaizhizaoguochengzhongkeyikongzhideyinsuerding,penwuganzaonaifenshizaisongmiduwei40~60克/100毫升之間落下的。
新西蘭典型的奶粉生產中,采用噴霧幹燥方法進行幹燥奶製品的典型成分如下表所示:
|
|
全脂奶粉(26%脂肪) |
脫脂奶粉 |
乳清奶粉 |
白脫奶粉 |
|
脂肪% |
26.5 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
9.0 |
|
蛋白質% |
28.0 |
37.8 |
14.2 |
34.5 |
|
糖分(乳糖)% |
36.9 |
49.8 |
73.3 |
45.5 |
|
礦物質% |
5.8 |
7.8 |
8.2 |
7.2 |
|
水分% |
2.8 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
噴霧幹燥奶粉的種類 1.全脂奶粉。全脂奶粉完全是用全脂奶生產的,但是,產品有兩種不同的脂肪含量,即26%和28%,zaiquanzhinaifendeshengchanzhong,naishouxianyaojingjixiejinghua,suihouzaibiaozhunhua,zheyang,chengpinjikededaoxuyaodezhifanghanliang。zaixinxilan,youyuruniumuchangdetedian,yijiduimuniusiyanglianghao,zhejiuyiweizhejiarutuozhinaihuofanzhizaituozhinaizhongjiarugaozhifangdenaiyouyijiandichengpinzhongzhifanghanliang。
按下述的標準進行牛奶巴氏滅菌:標準的液體全脂奶進行蒸發前,先預熱,溫度至少應90℃,處理15~20分鍾。這樣在稀放或活化蛋白中的sulphydry1化合物時,亦能使最終製成的奶粉保持產品的質量,而這種化合物在最終的產品中可起抗氧化劑的作用,可阻滯乳脂的氧化。
蒸發作用可使全脂奶成為固形物總含量為50%的濃縮液。
在(zai)噴(pen)霧(wu)幹(gan)燥(zao)之(zhi)前(qian),濃(nong)縮(suo)液(ye)要(yao)經(jing)過(guo)兩(liang)步(bu)均(jun)質(zhi)化(hua),以(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)脂(zhi)肪(fang)分(fen)散(san)良(liang)好(hao),阻(zu)滯(zhi)遊(you)離(li)脂(zhi)肪(fang)過(guo)量(liang)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan),遊(you)離(li)脂(zhi)肪(fang)量(liang)過(guo)多(duo)會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)最(zui)後(hou)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)衝(chong)調(tiao)性(xing)能(neng)。
在全脂奶噴霧幹燥期間,進口和出口處的空氣溫度及濃縮液的流速須進行調整,以便保證產品的含水量低於3.0%,有時要低於2.5%。
在幹燥全脂奶的時候,當奶粉一離開噴霧幹燥室馬上就要冷卻,最好將溫度降至低於乳脂的融化點,即38℃yixia,zheyidianshifeichangzhongyaode。yaobaozhengzhifangxunsudizhuanbianchengguxiang,bingxianzhiyoulizhifangdexingcheng,yinweiyoulisuanhuizaochengbuliangdefensanxing,suoduanchengpinbaochizhiliangdeqixian,rongyixingchengruantuankuai。
全脂奶粉以標準包裝25公斤一袋,是裝入加聚乙烯襯裏的幾層牛皮紙中,其保存期為6~9個月,但是此後由於乳脂的氧化就變味了,如溫度升高,這一過程也加快。
naifenyekeyongyouduoxingqitidebaozhuang,tongchangshizhijiezhuangruguanneihuoqitaxiaofeibaozhuangzhong。zaizheyijiaguochengzhong,shouxianwangguanneitianrunaifen,suihouzaigaozhenkongxiapaiqi。zheyigongyikejiangnaifenkelizhijiandekongqiyijikelikongdongzhongdekongqipaichu。chouwankongqihou,yibandichongrudanqidaitikongqi,ranhoufengguan。jingguozhezhongchulizhihou,naifenguantouneishangbukongjianzhongdehanyangliangwei2%或更低,幾乎消除了被氧化的可能性,因而延長了製品的保存期,長達2年甚至更長一點。
2.脫脂奶粉:脫脂奶粉是從流體奶中分離出來的,機械的離心力將液體全脂奶分成兩部分:一部分是高脂肪低比重的乳脂,是黃油或無水乳脂生產用的原料,另一部分是低脂肪的脫脂奶。
液體脫脂奶分離之後進行巴氏殺菌,並冷卻至4~6℃。批pi量liang冷leng卻que脫tuo脂zhi奶nai經jing過guo預yu熱re後hou立li即ji蒸zheng發fa,預yu熱re程cheng度du具ju有you相xiang當dang的de變bian化hua幅fu度du,這zhe一yi工gong序xu對dui最zui終zhong產chan品pin的de影ying響xiang很hen大da。例li如ru,它ta將jiang決jue定ding最zui終zhong產chan品pin是shi低di熱re量liang型xing、中熱量型或高熱量型的。它也能決定在生產各種各樣衝調奶製品時的功能。
預熱溫度可從80℃,最高到120℃範圍內變化,持續時間為1~2秒鍾到2~3分(fen)鍾(zhong),這(zhe)要(yao)依(yi)據(ju)生(sheng)產(chan)何(he)種(zhong)脫(tuo)脂(zhi)奶(nai)粉(fen)以(yi)及(ji)其(qi)它(ta)諸(zhu)如(ru)脫(tuo)脂(zhi)奶(nai)的(de)成(cheng)分(fen),特(te)別(bie)是(shi)脫(tuo)脂(zhi)奶(nai)中(zhong)的(de)奶(nai)蛋(dan)白(bai)的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)等(deng)因(yin)素(su)而(er)定(ding)。隨(sui)後(hou),經(jing)過(guo)預(yu)熱(re)的(de)脫(tuo)脂(zhi)奶(nai)被(bei)蒸(zheng)發(fa)為(wei)固(gu)形(xing)物(wu)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)50%denongsuoye。youyutuozhinainongsuoyezhongdanbaidehanlianggao,suoyitabiquanzhinainongsuoyegengzhanchou。youyutuozhinaizhongzhifangdehanliangfeichangdi,qinongsuoyewuxujunzhihua,suoyi,tuozhinongsuoyetongchangmashangkeyijinxinglianxudepenwuganzao。
出口與進口處的空氣溫度以及深縮液流的速度應調至可生產出水分含量低於4%的奶粉。
從噴霧幹燥室輸出的脫脂奶粉通常須冷卻,風送至儲倉,從儲倉裏即可包裝成25公斤裝的袋。
3.fuqingnaifen。ganlaohuokusuzhizaoguochengzhongpaifangchulaideruqingkejingpenwuganzaozhichengruqingnaifen,danshiruqinghaiyouqitadeyongtu,yekeyitongguobomoguolvhuoqitafangfaquchukuangwuzhi,tuodanbaihuonongsuodanbai,yishengchanzhurukerongdechunruqingdanbaihuojingguojinyibujiagongzhichenggaotang(乳糖)製品。
zaichengfenshang,ruqingyutuozhinaidequbiezaiyu,qidanbaihanliangyaodideduo,ertanshuihuahewudehanliangzegaodeduo。ciwai,youyumeiyoulaosu,qihanyoudenaidanbaiyibuwanquan。
乳清奶粉的生產方法與脫脂奶粉的生產方法相似。首先乳清液要經過巴氏殺菌,冷卻,隨後預熱、蒸發,形成乳清濃縮液,經噴霧幹燥為含水量低於4%的製品。
zairuqingnaifendepenwuganzaoguochengzhongcunzaizheyixiekunnan,zheshiyouyuzaiganzaojiagongzhonggaohanliangderutangshengchenglewushuidefeijingtiwuzaochengde。yinci,shengchanchulaideruqingnaifenrongyishouchao。zaibaoluyukongqizhizhongshihuibiandeshifenfazhan,shenzhipenwuganzaoxuanfengfenliqiheshusongxitongneibiyehuibiandefazhan。
在(zai)幹(gan)燥(zao)前(qian),以(yi)及(ji)受(shou)控(kong)低(di)溫(wen)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)儲(chu)存(cun)乳(ru)清(qing)濃(nong)縮(suo)液(ye)前(qian),可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)強(qiang)製(zhi)乳(ru)糖(tang)精(jing)化(hua)而(er)製(zhi)成(cheng)所(suo)謂(wei)非(fei)吸(xi)水(shui)性(xing)乳(ru)清(qing)奶(nai)粉(fen)。這(zhe)種(zhong)濃(nong)縮(suo)通(tong)常(chang)在(zai)初(chu)級(ji)幹(gan)燥(zao)室(shi)裏(li)被(bei)幹(gan)燥(zao)成(cheng)為(wei)含(han)水(shui)量(liang)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)奶(nai)粉(fen),隨(sui)後(hou)奶(nai)粉(fen)被(bei)放(fang)置(zhi)於(yu)一(yi)條(tiao)定(ding)時(shi)輸(shu)送(song)帶(dai)上(shang),擱(ge)置(zhi)一(yi)定(ding)時(shi)間(jian),使(shi)乳(ru)糖(tang)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)晶(jing)化(hua)。隨(sui)後(hou),奶(nai)粉(fen)通(tong)常(chang)在(zai)一(yi)沸(fei)騰(teng)床(chuang)上(shang)完(wan)全(quan)幹(gan)燥(zao)。這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)奶(nai)粉(fen)是(shi)散(san)粒(li)的(de),完(wan)全(quan)不(bu)吸(xi)潮(chao)的(de)。
4.白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)粉(fen)。噴(pen)霧(wu)幹(gan)燥(zao)的(de)甜(tian)乳(ru)脂(zhi)白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)粉(fen)是(shi)新(xin)西(xi)蘭(lan)奶(nai)粉(fen)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)。白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)液(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)黃(huang)油(you)製(zhi)造(zao)時(shi)排(pai)出(chu)的(de)漿(jiang)液(ye),其(qi)奶(nai)的(de)非(fei)脂(zhi)肪(fang)固(gu)形(xing)物(wu)含(han)量(liang)與(yu)全(quan)脂(zhi)奶(nai)一(yi)樣(yang),但(dan)乳(ru)脂(zhi)的(de)含(han)量(liang)就(jiu)小(xiao)得(de)多(duo)。其(qi)所(suo)含(han)乳(ru)脂(zhi)與(yu)全(quan)脂(zhi)奶(nai)中(zhong)的(de)乳(ru)脂(zhi)成(cheng)分(fen)也(ye)不(bu)同(tong),這(zhe)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei),脂(zhi)肪(fang)球(qiu)模(mo)和(he)小(xiao)脂(zhi)肪(fang)球(qiu)的(de)攪(jiao)拌(ban)工(gong)序(xu)時(shi)與(yu)奶(nai)油(you)不(bu)相(xiang)混(hun)合(he)而(er)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de),其(qi)結(jie)果(guo)是(shi),白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)和(he)白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)粉(fen)中(zhong)的(de)乳(ru)脂(zhi)中(zhong)磷(lin)脂(zhi)的(de)比(bi)例(li)很(hen)高(gao)。這(zhe)將(jiang)使(shi)白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)粉(fen)具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)特(te)點(dian)。這(zhe)種(zhong)白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)粉(fen)是(shi)一(yi)些(xie)衝(chong)調(tiao)製(zhi)品(pin)製(zhi)造(zao)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)結(jie)果(guo)。白(bai)脫(tuo)奶(nai)粉(fen)的(de)預(yu)熱(re)、蒸發、噴霧幹燥和包裝與前述噴霧幹燥奶粉的製造相類似。
5.surongnaifen。chuleshangshudejizhongnaifenyiwai,xinxilanheqitazhuyaodenaifenshengchandiquyiyang,yezhizaoyixiesurongnaifen,youqishisurongpenwuganzaoquanzhinaifenhetuozhinaifen。zhexienaifenzailengshuizhongyekeyifeichangxunsudifensan、溶化。基本上講,它們是在噴霧幹燥室裏形成大團塊的顆粒或在初級幹燥室以後形成的團塊顆粒。這種奶粉的鬆密度要比基本奶粉低,其範圍為0.40~0.50克/100毫升,而且是特別為消費者市場製造的。
質量標準 像xiang所suo有you奶nai製zhi品pin的de生sheng產chan一yi樣yang,幹gan燥zao奶nai粉fen亦yi需xu經jing過guo嚴yan密mi的de質zhi量liang控kong製zhi檢jian驗yan,因yin而er每mei一yi批pi奶nai粉fen都dou要yao保bao證zheng符fu合he相xiang應ying的de標biao準zhun。這zhe包bao括kuo高gao標biao準zhun的de微wei生sheng物wu質zhi量liang和he均jun勻yun的de成cheng分fen標biao準zhun,也ye包bao括kuo經jing鑒jian定ding可ke作zuo特te殊shu用yong途tu的de奶nai粉fen,適shi用yong於yu特te殊shu的de衝chong調tiao奶nai製zhi品pin或huo其qi它ta奶nai製zhi品pin,後hou者zhe可ke擴kuo大da對dui某mou些xie奶nai粉fen檢jian驗yan的de範fan圍wei,這zhe些xie奶nai粉fen需xu經jing鑒jian定ding以yi作zuo有you特te殊shu用yong途tu的de最zui終zhong產chan品pin。
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