1、原料
要(yao)求(qiu)新(xin)鮮(xian)無(wu)異(yi)味(wei)無(wu)雜(za)質(zhi),不(bu)新(xin)鮮(xian)的(de)肉(rou)加(jia)工(gong)的(de)產(chan)品(pin)必(bi)然(ran)風(feng)味(wei)很(hen)差(cha),香(xiang)氣(qi)不(bu)足(zu),結(jie)構(gou)不(bu)良(liang),保(bao)質(zhi)期(qi)縮(suo)短(duan),不(bu)論(lun)雞(ji)類(lei)及(ji)其(qi)分(fen)割(ge)品(pin),豬(zhu)及(ji)豬(zhu)分(fen)割(ge)品(pin)等(deng)選(xuan)料(liao)時(shi)盡(jin)量(liang)從(cong)正(zheng)規(gui)廠(chang)家(jia)或(huo)大(da)型(xing)的(de),有(you)信(xin)譽(yu)的(de)屠(tu)宰(zai)廠(chang)進(jin)貨(huo),這(zhe)樣(yang)產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)才(cai)可(ke)以(yi)得(de)到(dao)保(bao)證(zheng)。用(yong)於(yu)肉(rou)製(zhi)品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)的(de)原(yuan)料(liao)肉(rou)種(zhong)類(lei)繁(fan)多(duo),主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)豬(zhu)肉(rou),牛(niu)肉(rou),雞(ji)肉(rou),魚(yu)肉(rou),羊(yang)肉(rou),兔(tu)肉(rou),馬(ma)肉(rou),驢(lv)肉(rou)等(deng)。
2、輔料:
(1):食用碘鹽:tigaofengwei,tigaorouzhipindebaoshuixing,zhanzhexing,zengqiangchanpindebaocunxing。jirouzhongdedanbaizhibaokuoshuirongxing,yanrongxingjiburongxingdanbaizhi,shiyanyouzhuyujiangyanrongxingdanbaizhicongxibaozhongtiqu,zengqiangchanpinbaoshuixingyujieheli,shiyandeshiyongliangyibanshi1.5—2.5?G。
(2):糖:主要作用是緩和鹽味,增加甜度,並可提高鹽醃速度,可使結締組織膨潤,軟化,改善肉的嫩度。冰糖:分為兩大類,一類是白糖的再製品,一類是有甘蔗一次性提煉而成。冰糖味甘平,益氣潤燥。
(3)豆瓣醬:又稱蠶豆醬,是用蠶豆精鹽鮮辣椒等原料經過多道工序釀製而成。豆瓣醬應選色紅油潤,鹹鮮辣香,瓣粒粗壯,滋軟味鮮。
(4)料酒:又you稱cheng黃huang酒jiu,老lao酒jiu,是shi以yi糯nuo米mi或huo小xiao米mi為wei主zhu要yao原yuan料liao,加jia酒jiu藥yao,效xiao曲qu等deng多duo道dao工gong序xu釀niang製zhi而er成cheng。料liao酒jiu應ying選xuan用yong酒jiu液ye橙cheng黃huang,透tou明ming,味wei醇chun,無wu異yi味wei,酒jiu精jing含han量liang為wei15度以上的為佳
(5)米酒:又稱醪糟,是將糯米浸泡,蒸煮後加效曲釀製而成。米酒應選米粒色白,汁稠不渾濁,香甜適口,酒香味醇的為佳。
(6)醬油:shiyongliangshijingfajiaoniangzhiercheng,weichunxian,wutaweidejiangyouchengbaijiangyou,youtaweidezechenghongjiangyoudeng。zairouzhipinzhongqizhedingwei,zengxian,zengxian,zengsedezuoyong。jiangyouyingxuanzesezehonghe,xianyantouming,xiangqinongyu,chunhouzhichou,xianweishizhongdeweijia。
(7):醋:分釀造和人工合成醋兩種,在肉製品中起著增香,增鮮,解膩,促酸,開胃,促食的作用。
3、 香辛料:
A:辣椒類:
(1)幹辣椒:又you稱cheng為wei幹gan海hai椒jiao,是shi新xin鮮xian紅hong辣la椒jiao經jing過guo曬shai幹gan而er成cheng的de一yi種zhong幹gan製zhi品pin。主zhu要yao產chan於yu四si川chuan,雲yun南nan,湖hu南nan,貴gui州zhou,陝shan西xi等deng地di。辣la椒jiao的de品pin種zhong有you朝chao天tian椒jiao,七qi星xing椒jiao,二er荊jing條tiao等deng。幹gan辣la椒jiao從cong采cai收shou季ji節jie來lai分fen分fen為wei伏fu椒jiao,秋qiu椒jiao。伏fu椒jiao應ying選xuan椒jiao蒂di垂chui直zhi,色se澤ze紫zi紅hong,油you潤run光guang亮liang,椒jiao幹gan籽zi少shao,辣la中zhong帶dai香xiang。秋qiu椒jiao則ze為wei椒jiao蒂di彎wan曲qu,色se澤ze暗an淡dan,子zi多duo肉rou薄bo質zhi量liang較jiao次ci。在zai肉rou製zhi品pin中zhong主zhu要yao起qi著zhe壓ya抑yi異yi味wei,增zeng香xiang去qu腥xing,開kai胃wei促cu食shi,增zeng加jia色se澤ze,香xiang辣la味wei的de作zuo用yong。
(2)泡辣椒:又you稱cheng魚yu辣la椒jiao,為wei四si川chuan特te產chan。是shi用yong新xin鮮xian紅hong辣la椒jiao經jing采cai摘zhai後hou洗xi淨jing,晾liang幹gan表biao皮pi水shui分fen,入ru泡pao菜cai壇tan中zhong加jia老lao鹽yan水shui,精jing鹽yan等deng調tiao料liao泡pao製zhi而er成cheng。在zai肉rou製zhi品pin中zhong起qi著zhe增zeng辣la,增zeng色se,增zeng鮮xian,促cu風feng味wei的de作zuo用yong。
B:香料類:
1.幹花椒:為芸香科植物花椒的果實,在每年的7—10月份待果實完全成熟時采摘曬幹而成。花椒主要產於四川,雲南,貴州,陝西等地。以四川漢源清溪花椒,又稱“貢椒”,屬南路椒,阿壩茂汶的“大紅袍”又稱“西路椒”為上品。幹花椒味辛,性溫,溫中散寒,在肉製品中起著壓抑異味,解膩,去腥,增香,增鮮的作用。
2.鮮花椒:是shi待dai花hua椒jiao即ji將jiang成cheng熟shu或huo完wan全quan成cheng熟shu的de新xin鮮xian籽zi粒li經jing采cai收shou而er成cheng,主zhu要yao產chan於yu四si川chuan漢han源yuan,茂mao汶wen,涼liang山shan等deng地di。在zai肉rou製zhi品pin中zhong主zhu要yao起qi著zhe突tu出chu麻ma味wei,去qu腥xing,解jie膩ni,增zeng鮮xian,香xiang味wei濃nong鬱yu,還hai具ju有you一yi種zhong醇chun厚hou的de清qing香xiang味wei。
3.薑:多年生草本植物,一年生栽培。分子薑和老薑。有去腥,去膻,壓異,解膩,增鮮,增香的作用。
4.蔥:屬百合科植物,一年生栽培,蔥分大,小之分。在肉製品中主要起著去異味,壓腥,增鮮,增香,開胃,促進食欲的作用。
5.洋蔥:為百合科植物,一年生栽培。分紅皮,黃皮,白皮等數種,以紅皮為佳。在肉製品中起著殺菌,味濃,去異味,增鮮,增香的作用。
6.蒜:屬百合科,多年生,宿根草本植物,一年生栽培,在肉製品中起著殺菌,去腥,解膩,增鮮的作用。
7.八角:又名大料,大茴香,為木蘭科植物,每年的2---3月和8—9月yue成cheng熟shu後hou經jing采cai摘zhai,曬shai幹gan而er成cheng,多duo分fen布bu於yu雲yun南nan,廣guang西xi,貴gui州zhou,廣guang東dong等deng地di。八ba角jiao味wei辛xin,性xing溫wen,有you散san寒han建jian胃wei,理li氣qi鎮zhen痛tong之zhi功gong效xiao。在zai肉rou製zhi品pin中zhong起qi著zhe去qu腥xing,解jie膩ni,增zeng鮮xian的de作zuo用yong。八ba角jiao由you6—13gexiaoguojujiercheng,chengfangshezhuangpailie,genjucaishoujijiefenqiubajiaohechunbajiaoliangzhong。qiubajiaoyingxuanzhigan,geda,sezezonghong,kelibaoman,wanzhengshengan,xiangqinongyu,huiweilvetian。chunbajiaozeweisezehehong,guoshijiaobo,jiaojianerxi,xiangqijiaodan,zhijiaoci。
(10)草果:屬薑科植物,每年的10—11yuekaishichengshuhoubianweihonghesebingweikailieshijingcaizhaishaiganerchengdeganzaoguoshi。zhuyaochanyuyunnan,guizhou,guangxidengdi。caoguoweixinla,younuanwei,quhan,quchouzhigongxiao。zairouzhipinzhongyouquxing,yayi,jianwei,zengxiang,fangfudezuoyong。caoguoyingxuanyongbiaopichenghuanghese,pokaihouneipichengjinhuangse(成白色的質量次一些),質幹個大,顆粒飽滿,香氣濃鬱的為佳。
(11)桂皮:根據樹種的不同又名肉桂,玉桂,紫桂等,為樟科植物桂,天竺桂,細葉香桂等的樹皮,枝皮,在每年的8—10yuejingbolihoushaiganercheng,zhuchanyuguangxi,yunnan,guangdongdengdi。guipiweixin,xingre,youwenshen,zhitong,sanhanzhigongxiao。zaiyingyongzhongzhuyaoqizhezengxiang,zengxian,quyi,fangfu,cushiyudezuoyong。xuanyongshiyingxuanbiaopichenghuihese,neipichenghonghuangse,pixirouhou,xiangqinongyu,huiweilvetian,wuchongzhu,wumeilan,zhigandeweijia。
〔12〕白豆蔻 :又名圓豆蔻,白蔻,是薑科植物白豆蔻果樹的果實,待成熟後經采摘,曬幹而成, zhuchanyufujian,guangxi,yunnandengdi。baidoukouweixin,xingwen,younuanwei,cushi,xiaoshi,jiejiu,zhiouzhentudegongxiao。zaiyingyongzhongyouquyi,zengxiang,fangfu,cushiyudezuoyong。baidoukouyingxuanyongkelibaoman,ganzao,biaopiyouhuawen,sechenghuibai,qiweifangxiang,wuchongzhu,wuzazhideweijia。
〔13〕肉豆蔻:為(wei)豆(dou)蔻(kou)科(ke)植(zhi)物(wu)肉(rou)蔻(kou)的(de)果(guo)實(shi),待(dai)成(cheng)熟(shu)後(hou)經(jing)采(cai)摘(zhai),曬(shai)幹(gan)而(er)成(cheng),主(zhu)產(chan)於(yu)廣(guang)東(dong),廣(guang)西(xi),雲(yun)南(nan)等(deng)地(di)。肉(rou)豆(dou)蔻(kou)味(wei)辛(xin),性(xing)溫(wen),有(you)暖(nuan)胃(wei)止(zhi)瀉(xie),建(jian)胃(wei)消(xiao)食(shi)的(de)功(gong)效(xiao)。在(zai)肉(rou)製(zhi)品(pin)中(zhong)起(qi)著(zhe)增(zeng)香(xiang)防(fang)腐(fu)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。選(xuan)用(yong)時(shi)應(ying)選(xuan)表(biao)皮(pi)成(cheng)淡(dan)褐(he)色(se),肉(rou)仁(ren)飽(bao)滿(man),質(zhi)幹(gan)堅(jian)實(shi),香(xiang)氣(qi)濃(nong)鬱(yu),味(wei)辣(la)微(wei)苦(ku),無(wu)腐(fu)爛(lan),無(wu)雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)為(wei)佳(jia)。
(14)砂仁:又you名ming陽yang春chun砂sha仁ren,宿xiu砂sha蜜mi,春chun砂sha仁ren等deng,為wei薑jiang科ke植zhi物wu陽yang春chun砂sha仁ren的de果guo實shi,成cheng熟shu後hou經jing采cai摘zhai,曬shai幹gan而er成cheng,主zhu產chan於yu廣guang西xi,雲yun南nan,廣guang東dong,福fu建jian,砂sha仁ren性xing溫wen,味wei辛xin,有you溫wen脾pi止zhi瀉xie,暖nuan胃wei行xing氣qi之zhi功gong效xiao。在zai應ying用yong中zhong主zhu要yao起qi著zhe增zeng香xiang,解jie膩ni,去qu腥xing的de作zuo用yong。
(15)白芷:為傘形科植物白芷的的根莖,2,8月yue時shi節jie,當dang葉ye片pian變bian黃huang,采cai收shou曬shai幹gan後hou撕si去qu粗cu皮pi而er成cheng,主zhu產chan於yu黑hei龍long江jiang,吉ji林lin,內nei蒙meng古gu等deng地di。白bai芷zhi味wei辛xin,性xing溫wen,有you去qu寒han止zhi痛tong,解jie毒du止zhi血xue之zhi功gong效xiao,在zai應ying用yong中zhong具ju有you去qu腥xing,增zeng香xiang,解jie膩ni的de作zuo用yong。
(16)丁香:為桃金娘科植物,在每年的9月至次年的3yue,daihualeiyoubaibianqing,zaizhuanweixianhongseshi,jingcaizhai,shaiganerchengdechenggongdingxiang,renmenxiguanchenggongdingxiangweidingxiang,zidingxiang,dingxiangdechengshuguoshichengweimudingxiang,zaiyingyongzhongzhuyaoshiyonggongdingxiang,zhuchanyuguangdong,shanxi,fujiandengdi。dingxiangweixinxingwen,younuanweizhentong,liqizhixiezhigongxiao。zaiyingyongzhongjuyouzengxiang,yayi,cufengweidezuoyong。dingxiangyingxuanxingtailvechengbangzhuang,qugancuzhuang,gedajunyun,sezezonghong,yourunzhijian,xiangqinongyu,wuzazhideweijia。
(17)甘草:weidiexinghuakeduonianshengcaobenzhiwu,zaiqiujicaiwahoujingqiepian,shaiganercheng,zhuchanyuningxia,hebei,heilongjiangdengdi。gancaoweigan,xingping,yourunfeizhike,bupiyiqi,qingrejiedu,tiaohebaiyaozhigongxiao,zaiyingyongzhongqizhehewei,jienizhizuoyong。gancaoyingxuansezejinhuang,xiangqinongyu,zhigangeda,huiweilvetian,wuzazhideweijia。
(18)山柰:又you名ming三san柰nai,沙sha薑jiang。是shi薑jiang科ke植zhi物wu山shan奈nai的de的de根gen莖jing,經jing采cai收shou後hou切qie成cheng小xiao塊kuai,曬shai幹gan而er成cheng,主zhu產chan於yu廣guang東dong,雲yun南nan,貴gui州zhou等deng地di,山shan奈nai味wei辛xin性xing溫wen,有you行xing氣qi止zhi痛tong,助zhu消xiao化hua的de功gong效xiao。在zai應ying用yong中zhong具ju有you壓ya異yi,解jie膩ni,增zeng香xiang,和he味wei的de作zuo用yong。山shan奈nai應ying選xuan外wai皮pi成cheng黃huang紅hong色se,切qie麵mian色se白bai有you光guang,個ge大da均jun勻yun,幹gan燥zao芳fang香xiang,無wu雜za質zhi的de為wei佳jia。
(19)小茴香:又名茴香,穀茴香,是傘形科植物茴香在每年9—10月(yue)果(guo)實(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu)後(hou),經(jing)采(cai)摘(zhai),曬(shai)幹(gan)而(er)成(cheng),主(zhu)產(chan)於(yu)山(shan)西(xi),遼(liao)寧(ning)內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)等(deng)地(di)。小(xiao)茴(hui)香(xiang)味(wei)辛(xin),性(xing)溫(wen),有(you)理(li)氣(qi)散(san)寒(han)之(zhi)功(gong)效(xiao),在(zai)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)起(qi)著(zhe)壓(ya)腥(xing),增(zeng)香(xiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。小(xiao)茴(hui)香(xiang)應(ying)選(xuan)顆(ke)粒(li)飽(bao)滿(man),色(se)澤(ze)草(cao)綠(lv),香(xiang)氣(qi)濃(nong)鬱(yu),無(wu)雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)為(wei)佳(jia)。
(20)香葉:又you名ming桂gui葉ye,月yue桂gui葉ye,是shi樟zhang科ke植zhi物wu天tian竺zhu桂gui,月yue桂gui樹shu的de葉ye片pian成cheng熟shu後hou經jing采cai摘zhai,去qu雜za質zhi,陰yin幹gan或huo曬shai幹gan而er成cheng,主zhu產chan於yu江jiang蘇su,福fu建jian,廣guang東dong等deng地di。香xiang葉ye味wei辛xin,性xing溫wen,有you散san寒han陣zhen痛tong,暖nuan脾pi健jian胃wei之zhi功gong效xiao。在zai應ying用yong中zhong具ju有you增zeng香xiang,和he味wei的de作zuo用yong。香xiang葉ye應ying選xuan葉ye長chang,片pian大da,幹gan燥zao,色se澤ze淺qian綠lv,氣qi味wei芳fang香xiang,無wu雜za質zhi的de為wei佳jia。
(21)靈草:youminglingxiangcao,yunlingxiang,weibaochunhuakezhenzhucaishu,duonianshengcaobenzhiwu,lingcaozaichengshuhoujingcaishou,shaiganercheng,zhuchanyuyunnan,guizhou,guangxidengdi。lingcaoweixin,xingwen,youquhanzhitong,qutanwenzhongzhigongxiao。zaiyingyongzhongjuyouzengxiang,yayi,quxing,heweidezuoyong。
(22)排草:又(you)名(ming)香(xiang)排(pai)草(cao),為(wei)報(bao)春(chun)花(hua)科(ke)植(zhi)物(wu)。鮮(xian)排(pai)草(cao)經(jing)成(cheng)熟(shu)後(hou)采(cai)收(shou)曬(shai)幹(gan)而(er)成(cheng)。主(zhu)產(chan)於(yu)雲(yun)南(nan),廣(guang)東(dong),廣(guang)西(xi),福(fu)建(jian)等(deng)地(di)。排(pai)草(cao)味(wei)辛(xin),性(xing)溫(wen),有(you)祛(qu)風(feng)散(san)寒(han),鎮(zhen)痛(tong),止(zhi)咳(ke)之(zhi)功(gong)效(xiao)。在(zai)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)具(ju)有(you)和(he)味(wei),防(fang)腐(fu)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。
4、 香精:包括粉末香精,液體香精,膏狀香精。
A:粉末香精:特點是直衝感強,香氣容易揮發,如果采用微膠囊技術及噴霧幹燥精製而成,則揮發性弱,其載體大多是精製鹽及環狀糊精等
B:液體香精:特點是香氣濃鬱,口感逼真飽滿,柔和,留香,持久,濃度高,其載體是水解植物蛋白或丙二醇等
C:膏狀香精:特te點dian是shi香xiang氣qi純chun正zheng,采cai用yong天tian然ran原yuan料liao經jing美mei拉la德de反fan應ying精jing製zhi濃nong縮suo而er成cheng,肉rou香xiang濃nong鬱yu自zi然ran,留liu香xiang持chi久jiu,耐nai高gao溫wen,具ju有you天tian然ran肉rou湯tang香xiang氣qi,其qi載zai體ti大da多duo是shi各ge種zhong膠jiao體ti。
肉(rou)味(wei)香(xiang)精(jing)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)應(ying)根(gen)據(ju)不(bu)同(tong)產(chan)品(pin),不(bu)同(tong)出(chu)品(pin)率(lv)等(deng)實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)確(que)定(ding),並(bing)注(zhu)意(yi)將(jiang)各(ge)種(zhong)香(xiang)精(jing)進(jin)行(xing)配(pei)合(he)使(shi)用(yong),一(yi)般(ban)使(shi)用(yong)方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)粉(fen)末(mo)香(xiang)精(jing)與(yu)液(ye)體(ti)香(xiang)精(jing)或(huo)膏(gao)狀(zhuang)香(xiang)精(jing)配(pei)合(he)使(shi)用(yong),加(jia)工(gong)高(gao)溫(wen)產(chan)品(pin)一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)使(shi)用(yong)粉(fen)末(mo)香(xiang)精(jing)。使(shi)用(yong)香(xiang)精(jing)是(shi)為(wei)了(le)禰(mi)補(bu)高(gao)出(chu)品(pin)率(lv)及(ji)原(yuan)料(liao)肉(rou)品(pin)質(zhi)劣(lie)化(hua)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)肉(rou)香(xiang)氣(qi)不(bu)足(zu),在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)上(shang)一(yi)定(ding)注(zhu)意(yi)不(bu)能(neng)過(guo)了(le)頭(tou),否(fou)則(ze)起(qi)到(dao)反(fan)麵(mian)作(zuo)用(yong),形(xing)成(cheng)反(fan)胃(wei)的(de)氣(qi)味(wei),加(jia)工(gong)產(chan)品(pin)不(bu)能(neng)完(wan)全(quan)依(yi)靠(kao)香(xiang)精(jing)調(tiao)味(wei),它(ta)還(hai)應(ying)配(pei)合(he)原(yuan)料(liao)肉(rou)本(ben)身(shen)的(de)香(xiang)氣(qi),香(xiang)辛(xin)料(liao)的(de)香(xiang)氣(qi)進(jin)行(xing)綜(zong)合(he)的(de)調(tiao)味(wei),適(shi)量(liang)應(ying)用(yong)起(qi)到(dao)畫(hua)龍(long)點(dian)睛(jing)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。
食品中加入香精的作用是:fuzhu,wending,buchong,fuxiang,jiaowei,tidaidengzuoyong。zaiquedingchanpinkaifamubiaohouxuanzexiangjingbunengzhikanmingchenghejiagedegaodi,eryingsuoquxiaoyangjinxingganguanpingjia,congzhongxuanzexiangqichunzheng,touxiang,tixiang,weixiangjibenbaochiyizhidexiangjingjinxingjiaxiangshiyan,zuizhonganchanpindexingzhijuedingxiangjingpinzhongdexuanqu。
頭香:香xiang精jing,加jia香xiang產chan品pin或huo天tian然ran原yuan料liao在zai嗅xiu辨bian過guo程cheng中zhong最zui先xian感gan受shou到dao的de香xiang氣qi特te征zheng,他ta是shi整zheng體ti香xiang氣qi中zhong的de一yi個ge組zu成cheng,他ta的de作zuo用yong是shi香xiang氣qi輕qing快kuai,新xin鮮xian,生sheng動dong,飄piao逸yi。
體香:tashixiangjingdezhutixiangqi,yeshixingchengyizhongxiangxingdezhongyaozuchengbufen,meigexiangjingdezhutixiangqidouyingyougezidetezheng,zaixiangjingzhongyingnengbaochijiaochangshijiandexiangqiwendingheyizhi。
尾香:最後殘留的香氣通常由揮發性較低的香原料組成。
大廚四寶的產品大多以天然原料為主,再輔以部分人造香料使香氣更濃鬱,圓潤,醇厚,安全。主要應用於:各ge種zhong方fang便bian食shi品pin的de調tiao味wei包bao,熟shu肉rou製zhi品pin,複fu合he調tiao味wei品pin如ru雞ji精jing等deng,速su凍dong調tiao理li食shi品pin,膨peng化hua休xiu閑xian小xiao食shi品pin,菜cai肴yao,煲bao湯tang,火huo鍋guo,湯tang麵mian,以yi及ji醬jiang鹵lu製zhi品pin等deng。主zhu要yao功gong能neng是shi為wei應ying用yong產chan品pin增zeng香xiang提ti味wei,提ti高gao產chan品pin附fu加jia值zhi。香xiang型xing有you:肉香型(豬,牛,羊,雞等),海鮮香型(蝦,魚,蟹,鮑魚等),辛香型(魔辛料)。三種劑型:粉末型,膏狀型,液體型(包括水狀和油狀)。
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