隨sui著zhe市shi場chang經jing濟ji改gai革ge的de進jin一yi步bu深shen化hua,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye如ru雨yu後hou春chun筍sun般ban湧yong現xian出chu來lai,這zhe極ji大da地di活huo躍yue了le整zheng個ge社she會hui經jing濟ji。但dan是shi由you於yu中zhong小xiao企qi業ye本ben身shen的de局ju限xian性xing以yi及ji現xian階jie段duan發fa展zhan得de不bu完wan善shan,使shi得de中zhong小xiao企qi業ye在zai質zhi量liang保bao證zheng體ti係xi和he產chan品pin質zhi量liang方fang麵mian存cun在zai較jiao多duo問wen題ti。為了保護人民群眾的生命財產安全,國家認監委頒布的《第一批實施強製性產品認證的產品目錄》就覆蓋了很多中小企業的產品。這些企業的產品如不能獲得CCC認證,將不準出廠、銷xiao售shou和he使shi用yong,企qi業ye將jiang會hui因yin此ci關guan門men。因yin此ci,對dui於yu這zhe些xie企qi業ye來lai講jiang,如ru何he結jie合he自zi身shen實shi際ji情qing況kuang,建jian立li一yi個ge符fu合he強qiang製zhi性xing認ren證zheng產chan品pin實shi施shi細xi則ze規gui定ding的de質zhi量liang保bao證zheng體ti係xi,是shi非fei常chang重zhong要yao的de。
中小企業質量保證體係的主要特點:
一是組織機構簡單,產品的技術含量低,生產規模也比較小,以勞動密集型居多。
二是生產工藝簡單,生產流程少,工藝設備、檢驗設備、儀器、量具相對簡陋,不完善。
三是員工流動性大,素質普遍較低,除了少數有經驗的技術人員外,大部分的員工學曆較低,沒有經過專業培訓,上崗培訓過於簡單。
基於以上情況,中小企業不要盲目地按照ISO9001:2000標準來建立質量管理體係,應從確保產品安全性的角度,根據強製性認證產品質量保證的十條要求,建立一個“纖巧化”的質量保證體係,控製關鍵的過程。在建立有效的質量保證體係時,應特別關注以下幾個問題:
一是選擇好質量保證負責人。一般說來,中小企業組織機構簡單,有經驗、懂dong管guan理li和he技ji術shu的de人ren員yuan少shao。因yin此ci,為wei滿man足zu國guo家jia強qiang製zhi性xing產chan品pin認ren證zheng的de要yao求qiu以yi及ji為wei建jian立li一yi個ge有you效xiao的de質zhi量liang保bao證zheng體ti係xi,關guan鍵jian就jiu是shi要yao明ming確que質zhi量liang保bao證zheng負fu責ze人ren的de職zhi責ze,並bing選xuan擇ze合he適shi的de人ren選xuan,這zhe樣yang才cai能neng為wei企qi業ye各ge項xiang職zhi能neng的de正zheng常chang運yun行xing打da好hao組zu織zhi基ji礎chu。
xuanzezhiliangbaozhengfuzeren,shouxian,yingkaolvgairenyuanzaibenqiyedequanweixing,ruguomeiyouyidingdequanweihediwei,zhiliangbaozhengfuzerenshibukenengyouxiaodishishizhegezhongyaozhinengde。erzhegequanweixing,yifangmianyaokaoqiyelingdaocengduiqidezhengshishouquan,lingyifangmianyaokaoqigerendelingdaocainenghemeili。qici,xuanzezhiliangbaozhengfuzeren,cizhiliangbaozhengfuzerenyinglejieguojiayouguandefalv、法(fa)規(gui)和(he)強(qiang)製(zhi)性(xing)認(ren)證(zheng)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)程(cheng)序(xu)規(gui)則(ze)以(yi)及(ji)本(ben)企(qi)業(ye)產(chan)品(pin)適(shi)用(yong)的(de)安(an)全(quan)認(ren)證(zheng)標(biao)準(zhun)。這(zhe)樣(yang),質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)負(fu)責(ze)人(ren)才(cai)能(neng)組(zu)織(zhi)本(ben)企(qi)業(ye)有(you)關(guan)人(ren)員(yuan)學(xue)習(xi)安(an)全(quan)標(biao)準(zhun),並(bing)獨(du)立(li)地(di)、公正地執行CCC認證采用的安全標準,行使有效的監督。
二er是shi加jia強qiang生sheng產chan過guo程cheng中zhong對dui工gong藝yi的de控kong製zhi。由you於yu產chan品pin比bi較jiao簡jian單dan,而er且qie技ji術shu上shang比bi較jiao成cheng熟shu,或huo者zhe直zhi接jie采cai用yong外wai來lai的de圖tu樣yang設she計ji。因yin此ci,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye應ying該gai加jia強qiang對dui生sheng產chan過guo程cheng中zhong工gong藝yi的de控kong製zhi,應ying識shi別bie產chan品pin生sheng產chan的de主zhu要yao工gong藝yi,了le解jie強qiang製zhi認ren證zheng規gui定ding的de安an全quan檢jian測ce點dian和he安an全quan質zhi控kong點dian,並bing加jia以yi明ming確que標biao識shi。同tong時shi,要yao明ming確que這zhe些xie關guan鍵jian點dian的de具ju體ti操cao作zuo要yao求qiu,並bing根gen據ju國guo家jia或huo行xing業ye有you關guan標biao準zhun要yao求qiu編bian寫xie作zuo業ye指zhi導dao書shu,並bing且qie作zuo業ye指zhi導dao書shu應ying力li求qiu詳xiang細xi、mingque,juyoukecaozuoxing,biyaoshikezaixiangguangangweishangtianzhijiyipingdingzhunze,ruyinshuadianlubanchajiangangwei,kezaigangweishangfangzhiyikuaiyinshuadianluban,biaoshichudaichakongwei,zheyangjiubianyuyuangongcaozuo,bingyaoqiuyuangongyangedianzuoyezhidaoshuguifancaozuo。
sanshijiaqiangduiyuangongdepeixun,zhuzhongcaozuorenyuandeshijicaozuojineng。zaizhongxiaoqiyezhong,dabufenyuangongshoujiaoyushuipingbugao,duibenqiyedechanpinyizhibanjie,yinci,peixunxiandeyouweizhongyao。qiyezuigaoguanlizhe,zhuyaoshizhiliangbaozhengfuzeren,yingmingquebutonggangweidezhishihejinengyaoqiu,youqishijianyan、shiyangangweideyaoqiu,zaiduiyuangongdesuzhiquanmiantiaozhadejichushang,quedingbutongyuangong,butonggangweidepeixunneironghechengdu,zhidingquanmiandepeixunjihuabingshishi。xuyaoqiangtiaodeshi,guanlizheyaoquebaopeixundeyouxiaoxing,shiyuangongjieshouqipeixunneirong,並在實際操作中能切實地按操作要求作業。
四(si)是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)檢(jian)驗(yan)手(shou)段(duan)和(he)設(she)備(bei)的(de)管(guan)理(li)。一(yi)般(ban)說(shuo)來(lai),中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)檢(jian)驗(yan)和(he)實(shi)驗(yan)設(she)備(bei)不(bu)多(duo),或(huo)者(zhe)根(gen)本(ben)就(jiu)沒(mei)有(you),或(huo)者(zhe)量(liang)程(cheng)或(huo)精(jing)度(du)等(deng)達(da)不(bu)到(dao)檢(jian)驗(yan)或(huo)實(shi)驗(yan)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu),或(huo)者(zhe)根(gen)本(ben)沒(mei)有(you)經(jing)過(guo)計(ji)量(liang)就(jiu)直(zhi)接(jie)使(shi)用(yong),使(shi)檢(jian)驗(yan)結(jie)果(guo)不(bu)可(ke)信(xin),檢(jian)驗(yan)和(he)實(shi)驗(yan)流(liu)於(yu)形(xing)式(shi),因(yin)此(ci)也(ye)無(wu)法(fa)控(kong)製(zhi)和(he)判(pan)斷(duan)各(ge)個(ge)工(gong)序(xu)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)。國(guo)家(jia)對(dui)於(yu)實(shi)施(shi)強(qiang)製(zhi)認(ren)證(zheng)的(de)產(chan)品(pin),都(dou)規(gui)定(ding)了(le)生(sheng)產(chan)企(qi)業(ye)必(bi)須(xu)具(ju)備(bei)的(de)儀(yi)器(qi)和(he)設(she)備(bei),以(yi)及(ji)企(qi)業(ye)自(zi)身(shen)必(bi)須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)和(he)實(shi)驗(yan)項(xiang)目(mu)。因(yin)此(ci),企(qi)業(ye)應(ying)按(an)照(zhao)要(yao)求(qiu)購(gou)置(zhi)必(bi)備(bei)的(de)儀(yi)器(qi)和(he)設(she)備(bei),並(bing)對(dui)用(yong)於(yu)測(ce)量(liang)產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)儀(yi)表(biao)要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)定(ding)期(qi)計(ji)量(liang),並(bing)且(qie),凡(fan)有(you)計(ji)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de),一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)按(an)計(ji)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)計(ji)量(liang),對(dui)工(gong)裝(zhuang)夾(jia)具(ju)也(ye)應(ying)納(na)入(ru)正(zheng)常(chang)管(guan)理(li)。
五是重視對供應商的選擇和評價,提高關鍵安全元器件和原材料的質量。關鍵元器件和原材料的質量直接影響著產品(包括整機和元器件)的安全性。因此,中小企業應非常注意對關鍵元器件和原材料的選擇。
shouxian,duiyuxuanzedeguanjianyuanqijianheyuancailiao,ruguoyijingnarudaoguojiaqiangzhirenzhengdemuluzhong,zeyinggaixuanzeyijingqudeqiangzhirenzhengzhengshudeyuanqijianheyuancailiao。dier,zaixuanzeyuanqijianheyuancailiaoshi,shiyongshi,chulekangaiyuanqijianheyuancailiaoshifouyouqiangzhirenzhengzhengshu,tongshi,haiyinggaiquerengaiyuanqijianheyuancailiaodexinghao、規格和特性滿足自己產品設計的要求。第三,選擇時,還應該注重對供應商的質量體係、交貨期限、服務態度、價jia格ge等deng方fang麵mian進jin行xing綜zong合he的de評ping價jia,以yi便bian使shi供gong應ying商shang能neng長chang期qi穩wen定ding地di向xiang自zi己ji提ti供gong能neng滿man足zu各ge項xiang要yao求qiu的de產chan品pin。第di四si,對dui於yu采cai購gou的de安an全quan元yuan器qi件jian和he原yuan材cai料liao,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye一yi般ban並bing不bu具ju備bei對dui各ge種zhong性xing能neng的de檢jian測ce條tiao件jian,這zhe種zhong檢jian測ce大da部bu分fen應ying由you元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao製zhi造zao廠chang進jin行xing,隻zhi要yao製zhi造zao廠chang能neng夠gou提ti供gong證zheng明ming該gai批pi產chan品pin符fu合he規gui定ding要yao求qiu的de合he格ge證zheng書shu或huo檢jian驗yan記ji錄lu,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye都dou可ke以yi采cai取qu驗yan證zheng的de方fang式shi來lai確que認ren提ti供gong的de元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao滿man足zu要yao求qiu。但dan是shi即ji使shi在zai這zhe種zhong情qing況kuang下xia,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye也ye不bu能neng免mian除chu元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao應ying符fu合he有you關guan標biao準zhun的de責ze任ren。對dui於yu沒mei有you附fu合he格ge證zheng的de元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye則ze必bi須xu按an規gui定ding的de水shui平ping(包括抽樣方法、檢驗水平和合格質量水平)對其重要性能進行檢測。
zhongxiaoqiyezaijianlizhiliangbaozhengtixideshijiyunzuozhonghuiyudaogezhongwenti,danshi,zhiyaoqiyelingdaonenggouduiqiangzhirenzhenggongzuoyuyizhongshi,zuzhixiangyingdelingdaobanzi,bingcongyishangjigefangmianzheshou,yinggaishuoshikeyijianlibingweichiyigeyouxiaoyunxingdezhiliangbaozhengtixide。
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