從農事管理來看,白露既是作物成熟與收獲的季節,也是越冬作物準備播種的季節。這裏可例舉各地的農諺加以說明,如晉、冀、魯、豫、陝、甘、寧的農諺“白露砍高粱,寒露打完場”;豫、陝、晉、魯、鄂地區關於冬小麥播種的農諺“白露種高山,寒露種平川”;滬地的農諺“早稻白露前,晚稻白露後”。對於北方的果樹生產來說,白露時節正是許多落葉果樹的成熟—摘果期,如早、中熟蘋果、梨(li),晚(wan)熟(shu)葡(pu)萄(tao)和(he)冬(dong)棗(zao)等(deng),這(zhe)些(xie)果(guo)樹(shu)在(zai)白(bai)露(lu)時(shi)節(jie)需(xu)要(yao)施(shi)用(yong)摘(zhai)果(guo)肥(fei)。從(cong)理(li)論(lun)和(he)經(jing)驗(yan)兩(liang)方(fang)麵(mian)都(dou)說(shuo)明(ming),果(guo)樹(shu)秋(qiu)施(shi)肥(fei)比(bi)春(chun)施(shi)肥(fei)好(hao),秋(qiu)冬(dong)時(shi)節(jie)早(zao)施(shi)肥(fei)比(bi)晚(wan)施(shi)肥(fei)好(hao)。
以(yi)蘋(ping)果(guo)樹(shu)為(wei)例(li),在(zai)果(guo)實(shi)采(cai)摘(zhai)後(hou),及(ji)時(shi)施(shi)用(yong)摘(zhai)果(guo)肥(fei)有(you)利(li)於(yu)果(guo)園(yuan)來(lai)年(nian)的(de)持(chi)續(xu)增(zeng)產(chan)。由(you)於(yu)果(guo)樹(shu)的(de)根(gen)係(xi)是(shi)養(yang)分(fen)吸(xi)收(shou)與(yu)貯(zhu)藏(zang)的(de)器(qi)官(guan),第(di)二(er)年(nian)春(chun)季(ji)生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育(yu)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)養(yang)分(fen)多(duo)來(lai)源(yuan)於(yu)根(gen)係(xi)的(de)貯(zhu)藏(zang),可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)根(gen)係(xi)貯(zhu)藏(zang)養(yang)分(fen)的(de)水(shui)平(ping)決(jue)定(ding)著(zhe)來(lai)年(nian)花(hua)芽(ya)分(fen)化(hua)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang),也(ye)決(jue)定(ding)果(guo)樹(shu)的(de)抗(kang)寒(han)性(xing)等(deng)性(xing)狀(zhuang)。一(yi)般(ban)處(chu)於(yu)地(di)下(xia)的(de)果(guo)樹(shu)根(gen)係(xi)沒(mei)有(you)自(zi)然(ran)休(xiu)眠(mian),隻(zhi)要(yao)條(tiao)件(jian)適(shi)宜(yi),全(quan)年(nian)根(gen)係(xi)都(dou)可(ke)發(fa)生(sheng)及(ji)生(sheng)長(chang),而(er)且(qie)在(zai)9月初開始的秋季,不同果樹將先後出現根係生長的高峰期。如果今年果實豐產、dishangbufuheguoda,danshiqiutianbujishishifei,genxiyingyanggenbushang,shenzhibushengchangqiugen,nahuiyanzhongyingxiangguoshuyuedonghechunjifagen。yinweizaochungenxishengchangsuoxuyaodeyangfenzhuyaoshizhuzangyingyang,ruguotounianqiujicuoguolezhaiguofei,zaochengzhuzangyingyangbuzu,bidingyaojianshaochunjifagenhefaya。
yidanfeiweili,butongdeshidanshiqiduiguoshudeshengchangfayuyoubutongdeyingxiang。duipingguoeryanqiushidanfei,jishishidanliangxiaoyuchunshiliang,dierniankaihuazuoguodexiaoguohaishifeichangmingxiande。yinweicongcaishoudaoluoyeshidansuyingyangzhubeiqi,ciqidanhanliangdegaodiduiyinianyouzhihuayadefenhuahenengfouchuanggaochandouqizhezhongyaozuoyong。dangranqiushifeichuledanfeiyiwai,linjiafeiyetongyangzhongyao。gonglinchongzunengshiguoshuruqiwanchengzhitiaoshengchangjieduan,cujinhuayafenhua,tigaozuoguolv,erqielinduidansuyingyangyoutiaojiezuoyong;此外,果樹需鉀量大,增施鉀肥能促使果實增大,增加果實單果重。
總之,秋施基肥的好處有:第一,使果樹主要根係的生長量和吸收機能都比較活躍,秋施的氮肥被根係吸收後,樹體的貯藏營養成為次年開花、展葉的營養來源;第二,秋季晝夜溫差大,散射光比例增加,施肥後有利於提高葉片的光合效率;第三,如果這時施用有機肥料,有較充分的時間供根係吸收、運轉,並在樹體內貯藏起來。秋季施肥是果園施肥的重要環節,也是全年施肥的基礎。
這裏再舉一例,對於冬棗來說,白露節氣的施肥同樣很重要。冬棗是淺根性果樹,9月初後生長趨緩,基肥施用時期要比蘋果樹還早一點。它具有萌芽晚、落luo葉ye早zao的de特te性xing,在zai生sheng產chan上shang要yao根gen據ju這zhe一yi特te點dian注zhu意yi提ti高gao其qi貯zhu藏zang養yang分fen水shui平ping。冬dong棗zao在zai果guo實shi硬ying核he期qi出chu現xian根gen係xi生sheng長chang高gao峰feng,為wei提ti高gao樹shu體ti的de貯zhu藏zang氮dan水shui平ping促cu進jin翌yi年nian生sheng長chang發fa育yu,要yao在zai果guo實shi硬ying核he期qi施shi用yong氮dan磷lin肥fei。這zhe會hui有you利li於yu休xiu眠mian期qi貯zhu藏zang氮dan的de積ji累lei和he翌yi年nian盛sheng花hua期qi的de生sheng長chang發fa育yu。例li如ru推tui薦jian冬dong棗zao秋qiu季ji施shi用yong三san元yuan複fu合he肥fei每mei畝mu20~30公斤。
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