手機版
含有一種以上的微生物培養物稱為混和培養物（mixed culture）。在(zai)針(zhen)對(dui)某(mou)些(xie)細(xi)菌(jun)的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)項(xiang)目(mu)裏(li)，因(yin)為(wei)在(zai)標(biao)樣(yang)中(zhong)常(chang)常(chang)混(hun)有(you)多(duo)種(zhong)菌(jun)，我(wo)們(men)通(tong)常(chang)需(xu)要(yao)針(zhen)對(dui)某(mou)一(yi)目(mu)的(de)菌(jun)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)離(li)純(chun)化(hua)。通(tong)過(guo)分(fen)離(li)純(chun)化(hua)，我(wo)們(men)能(neng)夠(gou)良(liang)好(hao)地(di)評(ping)估(gu)該(gai)標(biao)樣(yang)的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)指(zhi)標(biao)數(shu)據(ju)，常(chang)常(chang)用(yong)於(yu)汙(wu)染(ran)情(qing)況(kuang)鑒(jian)定(ding)、活性物質檢測、產品質量參數評估等。如果在一個菌落中所有細胞均來自於一個親代細胞，那麼這個菌落稱為純培養（pureculture）。在進行菌種鑒定時，所用的微生物一般均要求為純的培養物。得到純培養的過程稱為分離純化，主要方法有以下六種。
1.傾注平板法
首先把微生物懸液通過一係列稀釋，取一定量的稀釋液與熔化好的保持在40-50°C左zuo右you的de營ying養yang瓊qiong脂zhi培pei養yang基ji充chong分fen混hun合he，然ran後hou把ba這zhe混hun合he液ye傾qing注zhu到dao無wu菌jun的de培pei養yang皿min中zhong，待dai凝ning固gu之zhi後hou，把ba這zhe平ping板ban倒dao置zhi在zai恒heng箱xiang中zhong培pei養yang。單dan一yi細xi胞bao經jing過guo多duo次ci增zeng殖zhi後hou形xing成cheng一yi個ge菌jun落luo，取qu單dan個ge菌jun落luo製zhi成cheng懸xuan液ye，重zhong複fu上shang述shu步bu驟zhou數shu次ci，便bian可ke得de到dao純chun培pei養yang物wu。
2.塗布平板法
首shou先xian把ba微wei生sheng物wu懸xuan液ye通tong過guo適shi當dang的de稀xi釋shi，取qu一yi定ding量liang的de稀xi釋shi液ye放fang在zai無wu菌jun的de已yi經jing凝ning固gu的de營ying養yang瓊qiong脂zhi平ping板ban上shang，然ran後hou用yong無wu菌jun的de玻bo璃li刮gua刀dao把ba稀xi釋shi液ye均jun勻yun地di塗tu布bu在zai培pei養yang基ji表biao麵mian上shang，經jing恒heng溫wen培pei養yang便bian可ke以yi得de到dao單dan個ge菌jun落luo。
3.平板劃線法
zui 簡jian單dan的de分fen離li微wei生sheng物wu的de方fang法fa是shi平ping板ban劃hua線xian法fa。用yong無wu菌jun的de接jie種zhong環huan取qu培pei養yang物wu少shao許xu在zai平ping板ban上shang進jin行xing劃hua線xian。劃hua線xian的de方fang法fa很hen多duo，常chang見jian的de比bi較jiao容rong易yi出chu現xian單dan個ge菌jun落luo的de劃hua線xian方fang法fa有you斜xie線xian法fa、曲線法、方格法、放射法、四si格ge法fa等deng。當dang接jie種zhong環huan在zai培pei養yang基ji表biao麵mian上shang往wang後hou移yi動dong時shi，接jie種zhong環huan上shang的de菌jun液ye逐zhu漸jian稀xi釋shi，最zui後hou在zai所suo劃hua的de線xian上shang分fen散san著zhe單dan個ge細xi胞bao，經jing培pei養yang，每mei一yi個ge細xi胞bao長chang成cheng一yi個ge菌jun落luo。
4.富集培養法
fujipeiyangfadefangfaheyuanlifeichangjiandan。womenkeyichuangzaoyixietiaojianzhirangsuoxudeweishengwushengchang，zaizhexietiaojianxia，suoxuyaodeweishengwunengyouxiaodiyuqitaweishengwujinxingjingzheng，zaishengchangnenglifangmianchaoguoqitaweishengwu。ruguoyaofenliyixiezhuanxingjishengjun，jiubixubayangpinjiezhongdaoxiangyingminganxiuzhuxibaoquntizhong，shiqidaliangshengchang。tongguoduocizhongfuyizhongbiankeyidedaochundejishengjun。
5.厭氧法
zaishiyanshizhong，weilefenlimouxieyanyangjun，keyiliyongzhuangyouyuanpeiyangjideshiguanzuoweipeiyangrongqi，bazhezhishiguanfangzaifeishuiyuzhongjiareshufenzhong，yibianzhuchupeiyangjizhongderongjieyang。ranhoukuaisulengque，bingjinxingjiezhong。jiezhonghou，jiaruwujundeshilayupeiyangjibiaomian，shipeiyangjiyukongqigejue。lingyizhongfangfashi，zaijiezhonghou，liyongN2或CO2取(qu)代(dai)培(pei)養(yang)基(ji)中(zhong)的(de)氣(qi)體(ti)，然(ran)後(hou)在(zai)火(huo)焰(yan)上(shang)把(ba)試(shi)管(guan)口(kou)密(mi)封(feng)。有(you)時(shi)為(wei)了(le)更(geng)有(you)效(xiao)地(di)分(fen)離(li)某(mou)些(xie)厭(yan)氧(yang)菌(jun)，可(ke)以(yi)把(ba)所(suo)分(fen)離(li)的(de)樣(yang)品(pin)接(jie)種(zhong)於(yu)培(pei)養(yang)基(ji)上(shang)，然(ran)後(hou)再(zai)把(ba)培(pei)養(yang)皿(min)放(fang)在(zai)密(mi)封(feng)的(de)厭(yan)氧(yang)培(pei)養(yang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)中(zhong)。
6.單細胞（或單孢子）分離法
shicaiquxianweifenlifaconghunzaquntizhongzhijiefenlidangexibaohuodangegetijinxingpeiyangyihuodechunpeiyang。jiaodadeweishengwu，kecaiyongmaoxiguantiqudangegeti。getixiangduijiaoxiaodeweishengwu，xucaiyongxianweicaozuoyi，zaixianweijingxiayongmaoxiguanhuoxianweizhen、鉤、環等挑取單個微生物細胞或孢子以獲得純培養。單細胞分離法對操作技術有比較高的要求。
