蘋果貯藏時,常見生理病害主要是蘋果苦痘病、虎皮病、果肉褐變病、二氧化碳中毒和缺氧傷害四種。
(一)蘋果苦痘病
主要是果實含鈣量較低及氮鈣比較高引起,也與成熟期氣溫高幹旱、水分失調、xiujianguozhongzhuqiwenduguogaoyouguan。fabingchuqiguopixiaguoroufashenghebian,guomianchuxianseshaoanaoxianyuanban,lvsepinzhongyuanbanchengshenlvse,hongsepinzhongyuanbanchengzihongse。banxiaguorouhuaisigansuo,shendaguorouneishuhaomizhi1厘米,味微苦。此後病斑顯著凹陷,變為深褐色至黑褐色。病斑發生部位靠近果頂,貯藏初期1~2個月間發病最重。可通過生長後期控製施氮量,果樹開花後4~5周噴兩次0.75%氯化鈣液,采後2~6%氯化鈣液浸果等措施來減輕病害危害。
(二)蘋果虎皮病
發生與果實采收過早、著色成熟度差、氮dan肥fei施shi用yong偏pian多duo有you關guan,由you環huan境jing溫wen度du過guo高gao,貯zhu藏zang後hou期qi果guo實shi衰shuai老lao而er誘you發fa。多duo在zai果guo實shi貯zhu藏zang後hou期qi出chu現xian,發fa生sheng在zai果guo實shi陰yin麵mian綠lv色se部bu分fen,初chu為wei淡dan黃huang色se不bu規gui則ze斑ban塊kuai,後hou轉zhuan為wei褐he色se至zhi暗an褐he色se,稍shao凹ao陷xian,病bing皮pi可ke輕qing輕qing揭jie下xia,嚴yan重zhong時shi果guo肉rou發fa綿mian,略lve帶dai酒jiu味wei。通tong過guo適shi時shi采cai收shou,合he理li施shi肥fei、科學修剪,促進著色,用0.25%~0.35%乙氧基喹液在25℃下浸果或用0.2%~0.4%虎皮靈浸果,藥紙包果,防止病害發生。
(三)果肉褐變病
多是果實采收偏晚、成熟過度,貯藏環境高溫高濕,限氣貯藏氧的濃度過高所致。通過適時采收,控製好貯藏環境溫濕度,防止果麵結露,2%~4%氯化鈣液浸果等手段加以預防。
(四)二氧化碳中毒和缺氧傷害
二er氧yang化hua碳tan中zhong毒du由you高gao濃nong度du二er氧yang化hua碳tan抑yi製zhi蘋ping果guo線xian粒li體ti內nei琥hu珀po酸suan過guo氧yang化hua物wu酶mei係xi統tong所suo導dao致zhi。缺que氧yang傷shang害hai則ze是shi貯zhu藏zang環huan境jing中zhong氧yang濃nong度du偏pian低di而er果guo實shi長chang時shi間jian缺que氧yang呼hu吸xi中zhong毒du引yin起qi。二er氧yang化hua碳tan中zhong毒du有you果guo實shi外wai部bu傷shang害hai和he內nei部bu傷shang害hai兩liang種zhong。外wai部bu傷shang害hai發fa生sheng在zai貯zhu藏zang前qian期qi,病bing變bian組zu織zhi界jie限xian分fen明ming,呈cheng黃huang褐he色se,下xia陷xian起qi皺zhou;內nei部bu傷shang害hai果guo肉rou果guo心xin局ju部bu組zu織zhi出chu現xian褐he色se小xiao斑ban塊kuai,最zui後hou病bing變bian部bu分fen果guo肉rou失shi水shui成cheng幹gan褐he色se空kong腔qiang,食shi之zhi有you苦ku味wei,整zheng果guo風feng味wei變bian淡dan,伴ban有you輕qing微wei發fa酵jiao味wei,二er者zhe相xiang同tong處chu是shi受shou害hai果guo硬ying度du不bu減jian。缺que氧yang傷shang害hai果guo皮pi木mu栓shuan化hua,果guo肉rou至zhi果guo心xin組zu織zhi壞huai死si,並bing有you濃nong烈lie的de發fa酵jiao味wei。通tong過guo嚴yan密mi監jian測ce貯zhu藏zang環huan境jing氣qi體ti組zu分fen變bian化hua,控kong製zhi氣qi體ti指zhi標biao,受shou害hai果guo乙yi醇chun含han量liang在zai120毫克/100克以下,置於10~18℃通風環境,可恢複果實原狀。
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