小xiao麥mai條tiao鏽xiu病bing屬shu世shi界jie性xing禾he穀gu類lei重zhong要yao病bing害hai,發fa生sheng範fan圍wei廣guang,流liu行xing成cheng災zai頻pin率lv高gao,危wei害hai嚴yan重zhong,是shi影ying響xiang我wo國guo小xiao麥mai安an全quan生sheng產chan的de重zhong要yao生sheng物wu災zai害hai。據ju有you關guan專zhuan家jia的de分fen析xi預yu測ce,小xiao麥mai條tiao鏽xiu病bing菌jun源yuan基ji地di秋qiu苗miao及ji自zi生sheng麥mai苗miao病bing情qing嚴yan重zhong,菌jun量liang較jiao大da,小xiao麥mai感gan病bing品pin種zhong廣guang泛fan存cun在zai,去qu冬dong今jin春chun氣qi候hou條tiao件jian適shi宜yi,今jin年nian全quan國guo小xiao麥mai條tiao鏽xiu病bing將jiang發fa生sheng偏pian重zhong以yi上shang流liu行xing態tai勢shi,麵mian積ji約yue8000萬畝。
zaiwoguo,xiaomaitiaoxiujunzaigaohanlengliangdexibudiquyuexia,zaidongbumaiquyuedong,maiqujiancunzaidaguimojunyuanjiaoliu,bingjunchunquqiulai,xunhuanwangfu,gouchengquanguodaquliuxing。yinci,zonghezhilixibeihexinanyuexiayibianqu、保護廣大冬麥區,是持續控製我國小麥條鏽病流行危害的基本戰略。隴南海拔1600~1800米、川西北海拔1900~2500midiquweitiaoxiujunyuexiahezaoboqiumiaojunyuanzhuyaojizhongdi,shitiaoxiubingfashengliuxingdeguanjiandidai,yishikongzhitiaoxiujunyuanjididezhongzhongzhizhong。kecaiqudejuticuoshizhuyaoyou:
調整種植業結構,提高作物多樣性
結合國家退耕還林還牧、長江上遊水利治理工程等,在隴南和川西北等條鏽菌越夏異變區進行作物結構調整,高山坡區實施退耕還林、還牧,發展經濟林,半山區擴種地膜玉米、馬鈴薯、candouhezhongyaocaidengduozhonggaojingjixiaoyizuowu,qudaibufenxiaomaizhongzhi,dapoyixiaomaiweizhudejiandanzuowubuju,tigaozuowuduoyangxing,jikedadajiangditiaoxiujunyuexiayibianquqiumiaojunyuanshuliang,younengshipinkunshanqunongmintuopinzhifu。liru,dimoyumizaihaiba1400~2400米之間種植,畝產量大多能達到400~500公斤,其經濟收入是小麥收入的2~3倍(bei),既(ji)能(neng)增(zeng)產(chan)又(you)能(neng)增(zeng)收(shou)。在(zai)隴(long)南(nan)和(he)川(chuan)西(xi)北(bei)等(deng)條(tiao)鏽(xiu)菌(jun)越(yue)夏(xia)異(yi)變(bian)區(qu),通(tong)過(guo)作(zuo)物(wu)結(jie)構(gou)調(tiao)整(zheng),壓(ya)縮(suo)小(xiao)麥(mai)播(bo)種(zhong)麵(mian)積(ji),減(jian)少(shao)條(tiao)鏽(xiu)病(bing)越(yue)夏(xia)區(qu)菌(jun)源(yuan),對(dui)於(yu)控(kong)製(zhi)全(quan)國(guo)小(xiao)麥(mai)條(tiao)鏽(xiu)病(bing)流(liu)行(xing)危(wei)害(hai)具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)戰(zhan)略(lve)意(yi)義(yi)。在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)小(xiao)麥(mai)稈(gan)鏽(xiu)病(bing)治(zhi)理(li)方(fang)麵(mian),通(tong)過(guo)作(zuo)物(wu)結(jie)構(gou)調(tiao)整(zheng),在(zai)閩(min)南(nan)稈(gan)鏽(xiu)菌(jun)越(yue)冬(dong)基(ji)地(di)停(ting)種(zhong)"年糕麥",鏟除了稈鏽病越冬菌源,加上不斷推出大量抗病品種,從而使該病害在我國得以長期控製就是成功的例證。
實施抗病基因合理布局,建立品種遺傳多樣性
小(xiao)麥(mai)條(tiao)鏽(xiu)病(bing)的(de)發(fa)生(sheng)是(shi)小(xiao)麥(mai)品(pin)種(zhong)和(he)鏽(xiu)菌(jun)群(qun)體(ti)在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)環(huan)境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)互(hu)作(zuo)的(de)結(jie)果(guo)。小(xiao)麥(mai)生(sheng)產(chan)品(pin)種(zhong)抗(kang)病(bing)基(ji)因(yin)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)和(he)豐(feng)富(fu)度(du)的(de)提(ti)高(gao),不(bu)利(li)於(yu)病(bing)菌(jun)群(qun)體(ti)的(de)定(ding)向(xiang)選(xuan)擇(ze),從(cong)而(er)減(jian)少(shao)病(bing)菌(jun)新(xin)小(xiao)種(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)機(ji)會(hui),使(shi)抗(kang)病(bing)品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)抗(kang)性(xing)得(de)以(yi)相(xiang)對(dui)持(chi)久(jiu)化(hua)。基(ji)本(ben)途(tu)徑(jing)是(shi):(1)廣泛發掘抗病資源,建立抗病基因庫;(2)研究抗病機製及其遺傳特點,揭示抗性本質;(3)根據生態區劃,強化生態育種;(4)各類抗性兼蓄並用,提高抗病基因豐富度;(5)培育多基因聚合品種和多係品種,達到品種抗性持久化。
推行適期晚播,有效降低秋苗菌源數量
適期晚播即是在小麥播種適期範圍內盡量推遲播種,避免早播,是控製小麥條鏽病發生流行最經濟、youxiaodeduogongnengcuoshi。shijianzhengming,gaixiangjishujikedadajiangdiqiumiaojunyuanshuliang,congeryouxiaokongzhibinghaichuanbojiqichunjiliuxingchengdu,youjuyouhenhaodebaochanhezengchanxiaoguo,yijuduode,xingzhiyouxiao。
實行秋播藥劑拌種,控製條鏽病春季流行
在小麥條鏽病越夏和越冬關鍵地區,秋播時實施藥劑拌種(或包衣),yadiqiujijunliangheyuedongjunyuanjishu,jikeyouxiaokongzhidangdichunxiajitiaoxiubingdeliuxingweihai,youkedadajianshaoyuedongyuexiajunyuandexiangwaichuanbokuosan。shiyanyanjiubiaoming,yaojibanzhong(或包衣)麵積越大、越徹底,對病害的控製效果亦越好、越明顯。對於春季以外來菌源為主的條鏽病流行區(即非越冬區),則ze應ying結jie合he病bing害hai監jian測ce,在zai春chun季ji小xiao麥mai生sheng長chang期qi病bing情qing達da到dao防fang治zhi指zhi標biao時shi進jin行xing及ji時shi噴pen藥yao防fang治zhi。對dui於yu條tiao鏽xiu菌jun越yue夏xia易yi變bian區qu的de自zi生sheng麥mai苗miao,提ti倡chang深shen耕geng滅mie苗miao,結jie合he秋qiu季ji對dui靶ba噴pen藥yao防fang病bing,以yi控kong製zhi菌jun源yuan傳chuan播bo。有you效xiao的de藥yao劑ji品pin種zhong主zhu要yao有you粉fen鏽xiu寧ning、羥鏽寧特譜唑、敵力脫等,各地可根據藥源情況選用。
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