手機版
Bertrand Russell
December 30, 1954
I am speaking not as a Briton, not as a European, not as a member of a western democracy, but as a human being, a member of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt. The world is full of conflicts: Jews and Arabs; Indians and Pakistanis; white men and Negroes in Africa; and, overshadowing all minor conflicts, the titanic struggle between communism and anticommunism.
Almost everybody who is politically conscious has strong feelings about one or more of these issues; but I want you, if you can, to set aside such feelings for the moment and consider yourself only as a member of a biological species which has had a remarkable history and whose disappearance none of us can desire. I shall try to say no single word which should appeal to one group rather than to another. All, equally, are in peril, and, if the peril is understood, there is hope that they may collectively avert it. We have to learn to think in a new way. We have to learn to ask ourselves not what steps can be taken to give military victory to whatever group we prefer, for there no longer are such steps. The question we have to ask ourselves is: What steps can be taken to prevent a military contest of which the issue must be disastrous to all sides?
The general public, and even many men in positions of authority, have not realized what would be involved in a war with hydrogen bombs. The general public still thinks in terms of the obliteration of cities. It is understood that the new bombs are more powerful than the old and that, while one atomic bomb could obliterate Hiroshima, one hydrogen bomb could obliterate the largest cities such as London, New York, and Moscow. No doubt in a hydrogen-bomb war great cities would be obliterated. But this is one of the minor disasters that would have to be faced. If everybody in London, New York, and Moscow were exterminated, the world might, in the course of a few centuries, recover from the blow. But we now know, especially since the Bikini test, that hydrogen bombs can gradually spread destruction over a much wider area than had been supposed. It is stated on very good authority that a bomb can now be manufactured which will be 25,000 times as powerful as that which destroyed Hiroshima. Such a bomb, if exploded near the ground or under water, sends radioactive particles into the upper air. They sink gradually and reach the surface of the earth in the form of a deadly dust or rain. It was this dust which infected the Japanese fishermen and their catch of fish although they were outside what American experts believed to be the danger zone. No one knows how widely such lethal radioactive particles might be diffused, but the best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with hydrogen bombs is quite likely to put an end to the human race. It is feared that if many hydrogen bombs are used there will be universal death - sudden only for a fortunate minority, but for the majority a slow torture of disease and disintegration...
Here, then, is the problem which I present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race1 or shall mankind renounce war? People will not face this alternative because it is so difficult to abolish war. The abolition of war will demand distasteful limitations of national sovereignty. But what perhaps impedes understanding of the situation more than anything else is that the term 'mankind' feels vague and abstract. People scarcely realize in imagination that the danger is to themselves and their children and their grandchildren, and not only to a dimly apprehended humanity' And so they hope that perhaps war may be allowed to continue provided modern weapons are prohibited. I am afraid this hope is illusory. Whatever agreements not to use hydrogen bombs had been reached in time of peace, they would no longer be considered binding in time of war, and both sides would set to work to manufacture hydrogen bombs as soon as war broke out, for if one side manufactured the bombs and the other did not, the side that manufactured them would inevitably be victorious...
As geological time is reckoned, Man has so far existed only for a very short period one million years at the most. What he has achieved, especially during the last 6,000 years, is something utterly new in the history of the Cosmos, so far at least as we are acquainted with it. For countless ages the sun rose and set, the moon waxed and waned, the stars shone in the night, but it was only with the coming of Man that these things were understood. In the great world of astronomy and in the little world of the atom, Man has unveiled secrets which might have been thought undiscoverable. In art and literature and religion, some men have shown a sublimity of feeling which makes the species worth preserving. Is all this to end in trivial horror because so few are able to think of Man rather than of this or that group of men? Is our race so destitute of wisdom, so incapable of impartial love, so blind even to the simplest dictates of self-preservation, that the last proof of its silly cleverness is to be the extermination of all life on our planet? - for it will be not only men who will perish, but also the animals, whom no one can accuse of communism or anticommunism.
I cannot believe that this is to be the end. I would have men forget their quarrels for a moment and reflect that, if they will allow themselves to survive, there is every reason to expect the triumphs of the future to exceed immeasurably the triumphs of the past. There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge, and wisdom. Shall we, instead, choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels? I appeal, as a human being to human beings: remember your humanity, and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new Paradise; if you cannot, nothing lies before you but universal death.
我們該選擇死亡嗎？
伯特蘭・羅素
1954年12月30日
我不是作為一個英國人、一個歐洲人、一個西方民主國家的一員，而是作為一個人，作為不知是否還能繼續生存下去的人類的一員在講演。世界充滿了爭鬥：猶太人和阿拉伯人；印度人和巴勒斯坦人；非洲的白人和黑人；以及使所有的小衝突都相形見絀的共產主義和反共產主義之間的大搏鬥。
差不多每個有政治意識的人都對這類問題懷有強烈的感受；但是我希望你們，如果你們能夠的話，把這份感受暫擱一邊，並把自己隻看作一種具有非凡曆史、誰shui也ye不bu希xi望wang它ta滅mie亡wang的de生sheng物wu的de一yi員yuan。可ke能neng會hui迎ying合he一yi群qun人ren而er冷leng落luo另ling一yi群qun人ren的de詞ci語yu，我wo將jiang努nu力li一yi個ge字zi都dou不bu說shuo。所suo有you的de人ren，不bu分fen彼bi此ci，都dou處chu在zai危wei險xian之zhi中zhong；如ru果guo大da家jia都dou看kan到dao了le這zhe種zhong危wei險xian，那na麼me就jiu有you希xi望wang聯lian合he起qi來lai避bi開kai它ta。我wo們men必bi須xu學xue習xi新xin的de思si想xiang方fang法fa。我wo們men必bi須xu學xue習xi不bu自zi問wen能neng采cai取qu什shen麼me措cuo施shi來lai使shi我wo們men所suo喜xi歡huan的de人ren群qun獲huo得de軍jun事shi上shang的de勝sheng利li，因yin為wei不bu再zai有you這zhe樣yang的de措cuo施shi。我wo們men必bi須xu自zi問wen的de問wen題ti是shi：能采取什麼措施來避免必然會給各方造成災難的軍事競賽？
putongqunzhong，shenzhixuduodangquanrenshi，buqingchuyichangqingdanzhansuobaohandehuishishenme。putongqunzhongrengjiucongchengshidehuimieshangsikaowenti。buyaneryu，xinzhadanbijiuzhadangengjuweili――一顆原彈能毀滅廣島，而一顆氫彈能毀滅像倫敦、紐約和菲斯科這樣的大都市。毫無疑問，一場氫彈戰將會毀滅大城市。但這隻是世界必須麵對的小災難中的一個。假如化敦人、紐約人和莫斯科人都滅絕了，世界可能要經過幾個世紀才能從這場災難中恢複過來。而我們現在，尤其是從比基尼核試驗以來很清楚：氫(qing)彈(dan)能(neng)夠(gou)逐(zhu)漸(jian)把(ba)破(po)壞(huai)力(li)擴(kuo)散(san)到(dao)一(yi)個(ge)比(bi)預(yu)料(liao)要(yao)廣(guang)大(da)得(de)多(duo)的(de)地(di)區(qu)。據(ju)非(fei)常(chang)權(quan)威(wei)的(de)人(ren)士(shi)說(shuo)，現(xian)在(zai)能(neng)夠(gou)製(zhi)造(zao)出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)炸(zha)彈(dan)，其(qi)威(wei)力(li)比(bi)毀(hui)滅(mie)廣(guang)島(dao)的(de)炸(zha)彈(dan)大(da)2.5萬wan倍bei。這zhe種zhong炸zha彈dan如ru果guo在zai近jin地di或huo水shui下xia爆bao炸zha，會hui把ba放fang射she性xing微wei粒li送song入ru高gao層ceng大da氣qi。這zhe些xie微wei粒li逐zhu漸jian降jiang落luo，呈cheng有you毒du灰hui塵chen或huo毒du雨yu的de狀zhuang態tai到dao達da地di球qiu表biao麵mian。正zheng是shi這zhe種zhong灰hui塵chen使shi日ri本ben漁yu民min和he他ta們men所suo捕bu獲huo的de魚yu受shou到dao了le感gan染ran，盡jin管guan他ta們men並bing不bu在zai美mei國guo專zhuan家jia所suo確que認ren的de危wei險xian區qu之zhi內nei。沒mei有you人ren知zhi道dao這zhe種zhong致zhi命ming的de放fang射she性xing微wei粒li怎zen麼me會hui傳chuan播bo得de這zhe麼me廣guang，但dan是shi這zhe個ge領ling域yu的de最zui高gao權quan威wei一yi致zhi表biao示shi：一場氫彈戰差不多就是滅絕人類的代名詞。如果許多氫彈被使用，死神恐怕就會降臨全球――隻有少數幸運者才會突然死亡，大多數人卻須忍受疾病和解體的慢性折磨……
這裏，我要向你提起一個直率的、令人不快而又無法回避的問題：womengaixiaomierenlei，haishirenleigaipaoqizhanzheng？renmenbuyuanmianduizhegejueze，yinweixiaomiezhanzhengtainanle。xiaomiezhanzhengyaoqiuxianzhiguojiazhuquan，zhelingrenfangan。raner“人類”這個專門名詞給人們的感覺是模糊、抽(chou)象(xiang)的(de)，它(ta)可(ke)能(neng)比(bi)任(ren)何(he)其(qi)他(ta)東(dong)西(xi)都(dou)更(geng)容(rong)易(yi)妨(fang)礙(ai)認(ren)識(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)形(xing)勢(shi)。人(ren)們(men)幾(ji)乎(hu)沒(mei)有(you)用(yong)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)想(xiang)象(xiang)力(li)去(qu)認(ren)識(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)危(wei)險(xian)不(bu)僅(jin)指(zhi)向(xiang)他(ta)們(men)所(suo)模(mo)模(mo)糊(hu)糊(hu)理(li)解(jie)的(de)人(ren)類(lei)，而(er)且(qie)指(zhi)向(xiang)他(ta)們(men)自(zi)己(ji)和(he)他(ta)們(men)的(de)子(zi)子(zi)孫(sun)孫(sun)。於(yu)是(shi)他(ta)們(men)相(xiang)信(xin)隻(zhi)要(yao)禁(jin)止(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)現(xian)代(dai)武(wu)器(qi)，也(ye)許(xu)可(ke)以(yi)允(yun)許(xu)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)繼(ji)續(xu)下(xia)去(qu)。恐(kong)怕(pa)這(zhe)個(ge)願(yuan)望(wang)隻(zhi)是(shi)幻(huan)想(xiang)。任(ren)何(he)不(bu)使(shi)用(yong)氫(qing)彈(dan)的(de)協(xie)定(ding)是(shi)在(zai)和(he)平(ping)時(shi)期(qi)達(da)成(cheng)的(de)，在(zai)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)時(shi)期(qi)這(zhe)種(zhong)協(xie)定(ding)就(jiu)被(bei)認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)沒(mei)有(you)約(yue)束(shu)力(li)的(de)，一(yi)旦(dan)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)爆(bao)發(fa)，雙(shuang)方(fang)就(jiu)會(hui)著(zhe)手(shou)製(zhi)造(zao)氫(qing)彈(dan)，因(yin)為(wei)如(ru)果(guo)一(yi)方(fang)製(zhi)造(zao)氫(qing)彈(dan)而(er)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)不(bu)造(zao)的(de)話(hua)，造(zao)氫(qing)彈(dan)的(de)一(yi)方(fang)必(bi)然(ran)會(hui)取(qu)勝(sheng)……
按照地質年代來計算，人類到目前為止隻存在了一個極短的時期――最多100萬年。在至少就我們所了解的宇宙而言，人類在特別是最近6000年(nian)裏(li)所(suo)達(da)到(dao)的(de)認(ren)識(shi)，在(zai)宇(yu)宙(zhou)史(shi)上(shang)是(shi)一(yi)些(xie)全(quan)新(xin)的(de)東(dong)西(xi)。太(tai)陽(yang)升(sheng)升(sheng)落(luo)落(luo)，月(yue)亮(liang)盈(ying)盈(ying)虧(kui)虧(kui)，夜(ye)空(kong)星(xing)光(guang)閃(shan)爍(shuo)，無(wu)數(shu)歲(sui)月(yue)就(jiu)這(zhe)樣(yang)過(guo)去(qu)了(le)，隻(zhi)是(shi)到(dao)人(ren)類(lei)出(chu)現(xian)以(yi)後(hou)，這(zhe)些(xie)才(cai)被(bei)理(li)解(jie)。在(zai)天(tian)文(wen)學(xue)的(de)宏(hong)觀(guan)世(shi)界(jie)和(he)原(yuan)子(zi)的(de)微(wei)觀(guan)世(shi)界(jie)，人(ren)類(lei)揭(jie)示(shi)了(le)原(yuan)先(xian)可(ke)能(neng)認(ren)為(wei)無(wu)法(fa)提(ti)示(shi)的(de)秘(mi)密(mi)。在(zai)藝(yi)術(shu)、wenxuehezongjiaolingyuli，yixierenxianshileyizhongchonggaodeganqing，tashirenmendongderenleishizhidebaoquande。nandaoyinweihenshaoyourennengkaolvzhenggerenleiduoyuzhegehuonagerenqun，zheyiqiejiuhuizaihaowujiazhidekongbuxingdongzhongjieshuma？renleishifouruciqueshaozhihui，ruciqueshaowusideai，rucimangmu，shenzhilianziwobaocundezuijiandanminglingdoutingbujian，yizhiyaoyongmiejuediqiushangdesuoyoushengminglaizuihouzhengmingtanaquefalizhidexiaocongming？――因為不駐人會被消滅，而且動物也會被消滅，沒有人能指責它們是共產主義或反共產主義。
我wo無wu法fa相xiang信xin結jie局ju會hui是shi這zhe樣yang。人ren們men如ru果guo想xiang讓rang自zi己ji生sheng存cun下xia去qu，他ta們men就jiu應ying暫zan時shi忘wang掉diao爭zheng吵chao，進jin行xing反fan省sheng，人ren們men有you千qian萬wan條tiao理li由you期qi待dai未wei來lai的de成cheng就jiu極ji大da地di超chao過guo以yi往wang的de成cheng就jiu，如ru果guo讓rang我wo們men選xuan擇ze，那na麼me擂lei在zai我wo們men麵mian前qian的de有you幸xing福fu、知識和智慧的持續增長。我們能因為無法忘掉爭吵而舍此去選擇死亡嗎？作為一個人，我向所有的人呼籲：記住你們的人性，忘掉其餘的一切。如果你們能這樣做，通向一個新的天堂的路就暢通無阻；如果你們做不到這一點，擺在你們麵前的就隻有全世界的毀滅。
