1、雞球蟲病
雞ji的de胃wei腸chang道dao疾ji病bing的de防fang治zhi關guan鍵jian在zai於yu控kong製zhi消xiao化hua道dao中zhong球qiu蟲chong以yi及ji感gan染ran球qiu蟲chong後hou所suo引yin發fa的de腸chang道dao病bing原yuan菌jun的de感gan染ran。在zai家jia禽qin養yang殖zhi業ye的de整zheng個ge曆li史shi上shang,球qiu蟲chong病bing一yi直zhi是shi全quan球qiu最zui普pu遍bian和he經jing常chang報bao道dao的de影ying響xiang家jia禽qin腸chang道dao健jian康kang和he生sheng長chang效xiao率lv的de疾ji病bing之zhi一yi。球qiu蟲chong病bing主zhu要yao由you堆dui形xing艾ai美mei爾er球qiu蟲chong(Eimeriaacervulina)(圖1)、巨型艾美爾球蟲(E.maxima)、毒害艾美爾球蟲(E.necatrix)和柔嫩艾美爾球蟲(E.tenella)等7種公認的球蟲引起(Tyzzer,1929;Tyzzer等,1932)。雖sui然ran在zai現xian今jin的de球qiu蟲chong病bing控kong製zhi措cuo施shi下xia,死si亡wang率lv高gao的de重zhong症zheng球qiu蟲chong病bing很hen少shao發fa生sheng,但dan商shang品pin雞ji群qun沒mei有you感gan染ran過guo球qiu蟲chong病bing的de也ye很hen少shao見jian。球qiu蟲chong病bing還hai可ke引yin發fa雞ji的de壞huai死si性xing腸chang炎yan等deng其qi它ta腸chang道dao疾ji病bing。盡jin管guan有you控kong製zhi措cuo施shi,球qiu蟲chong病bing仍reng然ran會hui給gei家jia禽qin養yang殖zhi業ye造zao成cheng嚴yan重zhong的de經jing濟ji損sun失shi。
2、雞壞死性腸炎
引yin起qi壞huai死si性xing腸chang炎yan的de因yin素su很hen多duo,但dan產chan氣qi莢jia膜mo梭suo狀zhuang芽ya孢bao杆gan菌jun是shi導dao致zhi壞huai死si性xing腸chang炎yan的de一yi種zhong普pu遍bian存cun在zai的de厭yan氧yang性xing微wei生sheng物wu。在zai一yi定ding的de條tiao件jian下xia,這zhe種zhong微wei生sheng物wu能neng在zai腸chang道dao中zhong繁fan殖zhi,產chan生sheng毒du性xing較jiao強qiang的deα毒素。家禽對α毒素很敏感。產氣莢膜梭狀芽孢杆菌在腸道中增殖的誘因有:
亞臨床的球蟲病對粘膜造成損傷,使得梭狀芽孢杆菌能夠黏附到腸粘膜上並在此繁殖;
飼料中澱粉和蛋白質的含量過高,導致腸道中有未消化的飼料存在;
消化酶的分泌紊亂,使得消化率降低、腸蠕動減慢,因此促進了梭狀芽孢杆菌的繁殖;
當使用小麥、大麥和燕麥等作為能量飼料來源時,我們發現壞死性腸炎的發病率要比玉米作為能量飼料高。
在歐洲,獸醫觀察到家禽臨床性壞死性腸炎在肉雞各日齡段都有發生(圖2),最早發病是在14-15日齡,高峰期在25日齡。其主要症狀是:家禽精神沉鬱、擠成一團、羽毛粗亂、生產性能降低。死亡率高達10%,但2%至6%的死亡率更為普遍。
患臨床性或亞臨床性壞死性腸炎的家禽還會發現有嚴重膽管性肝炎的病症。隻有在加工生產線上才發現雞肉顏色差和黃疸、肝腫大,外觀呈褐色和表麵有結節或斑點、肉質等級明顯下降(3%至5%)。梭suo狀zhuang芽ya孢bao杆gan菌jun通tong常chang棲qi息xi於yu盲mang腸chang,但dan是shi如ru果guo腸chang道dao菌jun群qun的de平ping衡heng發fa生sheng改gai變bian,梭suo狀zhuang芽ya孢bao杆gan菌jun在zai消xiao化hua道dao前qian段duan大da量liang增zeng殖zhi,導dao致zhi壞huai死si性xing腸chang炎yan和he雞ji的de死si亡wang,由you於yu膽dan管guan連lian結jie著zhe膽dan囊nang與yu腸chang道dao,梭suo狀zhuang芽ya孢bao杆gan菌jun可ke能neng會hui轉zhuan移yi到dao腸chang道dao上shang部bu而er進jin入ru膽dan管guan,隨sui後hou阻zu塞sai膽dan囊nang或huo進jin入ru肝gan髒zang,導dao致zhi上shang述shu症zheng狀zhuang。
3、雞的菌落失調症
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