So far, the international economic consequences of the war in the Caucasus have been fairly minor, despite Georgia's role as a major corridor for oil shipments. But as I was reading the latest bad news, I found myself wondering whether this war is an omen - a sign that the second great age of globalization may share the fate of the first.

    If you're wondering what I'm talking about, here's what you need to know: our grandfathers lived in a world of largely self-sufficient, inward-looking national economies - but our great-great grandfathers lived, as we do, in a world of large-scale international trade and investment, a world destroyed by nationalism.

    Writing in 1919, the great British economist John Maynard Keynes described the world economy as it was on the eve of World War I. "The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth … he could at the same moment and by the same means adventure his wealth in the natural resources and new enterprises of any quarter of the world."

    And Keynes's Londoner "regarded this state of affairs as normal, certain, and permanent, except in the direction of further improvement … The projects and politics of militarism and imperialism, of racial and cultural rivalries, of monopolies, restrictions, and exclusion … appeared to exercise almost no influence at all on the ordinary course of social and economic life, the internationalization of which was nearly complete in practice."

    But then came three decades of war, revolution, political instability, depression and more war. By the end of World War II, the world was fragmented economically as well as politically. And it took a couple of generations to put it back together.

    So, can things fall apart again? Yes, they can.

    Consider how things have played out in the current food crisis. For years we were told that self-sufficiency was an outmoded concept, and that it was safe to rely on world markets for food supplies. But when the prices of wheat, rice and corn soared, Keynes's "projects and politics" of "restrictions and exclusion" made a comeback: many governments rushed to protect domestic consumers by banning or limiting exports, leaving food-importing countries in dire straits.

    And now comes "militarism and imperialism." By itself, as I said, the war in Georgia isn't that big a deal economically. But it does mark the end of the Pax Americana - the era in which the United States more or less maintained a monopoly on the use of military force. And that raises some real questions about the future of globalization.

    Most obviously, Europe's dependence on Russian energy, especially natural gas, now looks very dangerous - more dangerous, arguably, than its dependence on Middle Eastern oil. After all, Russia has already used gas as a weapon: in 2006, it cut off supplies to Ukraine amid a dispute over prices.

    And if Russia is willing and able to use force to assert control over its self-declared sphere of influence, won't others do the same? Just think about the global economic disruption that would follow if China - which is about to surpass the United States as the world's largest manufacturing nation - were to forcibly assert its claim to Taiwan.

    Some analysts tell us not to worry: global economic integration itself protects us against war, they argue, because successful trading economies won't risk their prosperity by engaging in military adventurism. But this, too, raises unpleasant historical memories.

    Shortly before World War I another British author, Norman Angell, published a famous book titled "The Great Illusion," in which he argued that war had become obsolete, that in the modern industrial era even military victors lose far more than they gain. He was right - but wars kept happening anyway.

    So are the foundations of the second global economy any more solid than those of the first? In some ways, yes. For example, war among the nations of Western Europe really does seem inconceivable now, not so much because of economic ties as because of shared democratic values.

    Much of the world, however, including nations that play a key role in the global economy, doesn't share those values. Most of us have proceeded on the belief that, at least as far as economics goes, this doesn't matter - that we can count on world trade continuing to flow freely simply because it's so profitable. But that's not a safe assumption.

    Angell was right to describe the belief that conquest pays as a great illusion. But the belief that economic rationality always prevents war is an equally great illusion. And today's high degree of global economic interdependence, which can be sustained only if all major governments act sensibly, is more fragile than we imagine.

    盡(jin)管(guan)格(ge)魯(lu)吉(ji)亞(ya)是(shi)石(shi)油(you)傳(chuan)輸(shu)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)通(tong)道(dao)，到(dao)目(mu)前(qian)為(wei)止(zhi)，高(gao)加(jia)索(suo)地(di)區(qu)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)對(dui)國(guo)際(ji)經(jing)濟(ji)所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)還(hai)比(bi)較(jiao)小(xiao)。但(dan)是(shi)，當(dang)閱(yue)讀(du)到(dao)最(zui)近(jin)一(yi)係(xi)列(lie)令(ling)人(ren)不(bu)安(an)的(de)新(xin)聞(wen)時(shi)，我(wo)陷(xian)入(ru)思(si)考(kao)：這場戰爭是否是一個先兆？全球化的第二個時代有可能會重蹈它上一個時代的覆轍。

    如果你不清楚我這種說法的依據
，那你必須得先了解：我們的父輩生活在基本自給自足、並依靠內部驅動的國民經濟世界中；而我們，卻生活在一個擁有巨大國際貿易和投資量

，並且被民族主義破壞的世界中。

    偉大的英國經濟學家約翰凱恩斯在1919年寫到，在第一次世界大戰臨近結束時，世界經濟將會是這樣的，"倫敦的某個居民能夠一邊在床上喝著早茶，一邊用電話從世界的任何角落預訂產品 … 用同樣的方法
，他同時還可以用自己的財富，在世界任何地方的自然資源和新企業中賭一把。"

    凱恩斯筆下的倫敦人"認為，這樣的狀態除非更進一步，否則將會是永遠正常而且理所當然的 … 軍國主義和帝國主義、種族和文化對抗
、壟斷
、管製以及排外所引發的計劃和政治 … 似乎對社會和經濟生活的一般程序沒有任何影響，而國際化幾乎到達了全部完成的階段。"

    然而，此後出現了三十年的戰爭、革命、政治動蕩、蕭條和更多的戰爭。當第二次世界大戰結束時

，世界經濟和政治一片支離破碎，通過之後幾代人的努力才將它們重新整合起來。

    所以，現在的事物還會變得支離破碎嗎？回答是肯定的。

    讓我們來看看目前的糧食危機是如何作用的。多年以來
，我們都被告知"自給自足"是一個過時的說法，依賴國際市場獲取供應是安全的。然而，當小麥
、大米和玉米的價格節節高升時，凱恩斯所說的"管製和排外"的"計劃和政治"卷土重來：許多政府急忙通過禁止或者限製出口來保護國內消費者，也使糧食依賴進口的國家陷入困境。

    再來看看"軍國主義和帝國主義".正如我之前提到的，格魯吉亞的戰爭單獨看來
，似乎對全球經濟沒有什麼大的影響，但它卻標誌著"美國統治下的秩序"時代的完結 - 這個時代期間，美國或多或少地壟斷了軍事武力的使用。這也對全球化的未來提出了諸多真正的問題。

    最明顯的是

，歐洲對俄羅斯能源
，尤其是天然氣的依賴，現在看起來是非常危險的 - 可以證明
，這種危險程度比它對中東石油的依賴更加嚴重。畢竟，俄羅斯已經把天然氣用作武器，在2006年

，他們在與烏克蘭發生的天然氣價格爭端過程中停止了輸送。

    另ling外wai，如ru果guo俄e羅luo斯si願yuan意yi並bing且qie能neng夠gou使shi用yong武wu力li控kong製zhi其qi宣xuan稱cheng的de勢shi力li範fan圍wei，難nan道dao其qi它ta國guo家jia不bu也ye會hui這zhe樣yang做zuo嗎ma？試shi想xiang，如ru果guo快kuai要yao超chao過guo美mei國guo成cheng為wei世shi界jie第di一yi大da生sheng產chan國guo的de中zhong國guo，動dong用yong武wu力li宣xuan告gao收shou複fu台tai灣wan，後hou果guo將jiang會hui怎zen樣yang
？

    有you些xie分fen析xi家jia勸quan告gao我wo們men不bu用yong擔dan心xin
，因yin為wei世shi界jie經jing濟ji的de一yi體ti化hua能neng夠gou避bi免mian戰zhan爭zheng出chu現xian，他ta們men認ren為wei，成cheng功gong的de貿mao易yi經jing濟ji體ti不bu會hui冒mao著zhe失shi去qu財cai富fu的de風feng險xian，介jie入ru軍jun事shi冒mao險xian主zhu義yi。但dan是shi曆li史shi同tong樣yang在zai這zhe個ge問wen題ti上shang也ye給gei了le我wo們men不bu愉yu快kuai的de教jiao訓xun。

    第一次世界大戰開始前不久
，另一位英國作家諾曼安吉爾出版了一本著名的書，名叫"巨大的假象",該gai書shu認ren為wei戰zhan爭zheng已yi經jing過guo時shi
，因yin為wei在zai工gong業ye化hua時shi代dai，即ji使shi獲huo得de軍jun事shi勝sheng利li
，結jie果guo都dou會hui是shi失shi大da於yu得de。他ta想xiang法fa似si乎hu有you道dao理li，可ke在zai此ci之zhi後hou戰zhan爭zheng就jiu沒mei有you停ting止zhi過guo。

    而(er)第(di)二(er)輪(lun)經(jing)濟(ji)全(quan)球(qiu)化(hua)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)是(shi)不(bu)是(shi)比(bi)第(di)一(yi)次(ci)更(geng)加(jia)牢(lao)固(gu)？在(zai)某(mou)些(xie)方(fang)麵(mian)，答(da)案(an)是(shi)肯(ken)定(ding)的(de)。例(li)如(ru)，西(xi)歐(ou)國(guo)家(jia)之(zhi)間(jian)發(fa)生(sheng)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)的(de)可(ke)能(neng)性(xing)簡(jian)直(zhi)無(wu)法(fa)想(xiang)象(xiang)，這(zhe)不(bu)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)們(men)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)紐(niu)帶(dai)，而(er)是(shi)基(ji)於(yu)共(gong)同(tong)的(de)民(min)主(zhu)價(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)。

    raner

，shijiedemouxieqitadiqu，baokuozaiquanqiujingjizhongbanyanzhongyaojiaosedeyixieguojia
，bingburentongzheyangdejiazhiguan。womenduoshurendouyouzhezheyangdexinnian，zhishaozaijingjilingyu，jiangbuhuiyoutaidadewenti，yinweilirunjuda
，quanqiumaoyijiangjixuziyoufazhan。keshi，zhebingbushiyigeanquandejiashe。

    安an吉ji爾er是shi正zheng確que的de，他ta認ren為wei軍jun事shi勝sheng利li能neng夠gou幫bang助zhu獲huo取qu利li益yi是shi一yi個ge巨ju大da的de假jia象xiang。同tong樣yang的de，經jing濟ji理li性xing總zong能neng夠gou避bi免mian戰zhan爭zheng也ye是shi一yi個ge巨ju大da的de假jia象xiang。今jin天tian世shi界jie經jing濟ji的de相xiang互hu依yi賴lai程cheng度du的de脆cui弱ruo性xing遠yuan遠yuan超chao乎hu我wo們men的de想xiang象xiang，隻zhi有you主zhu要yao國guo家jia政zheng府fu采cai取qu明ming智zhi的de措cuo施shi
，這zhe種zhong相xiang互hu依yi賴lai才cai能neng夠gou得de以yi維wei持chi。