mianyijianceshiliyongxueqingxuefangfa，duimouxieyimiaomianyidongwuzaimianyijiezhongqianhoudekangtigenzongjiance，yiquedingjiezhongshijianhemianyixiaoguo。zaimianyiqian，jianceyouwuxiangyingkangtijiqishuiping，yibianzhangwohelidemianyishiji，bimianzhongfuheshiwu；在免疫後
，監測是為了了解免疫效果，如不理想可查找原因，進行重免；有時還可及時發現疫情
，盡快采取撲滅措施。

2.免疫

免疫接種是給動物接種各種免疫製劑（疫苗、類毒素及免疫血清）
，shidongwugetihequntichanshengduichuanranbingdeteyixingmianyili。mianyijiezhongshiyufanghezhiliaochuanranbingdezhuyaoshouduan，yeshishiyigandongwuqunzhuanhuaweifeiyigandongwuqundeweiyishouduan。genjumianyijiezhongdeshijibutong，kefenweiyufangjiezhonghejinjijiezhonglianglei。

（1）yufangjiezhong。shizaipingshiweileyufangmouxiechuanranbingdefashengheliuxing，youzuzhiyoujihuadianmianyichengxugeijiankangchuqunjinxingdemianyijiezhong。yufangjiezhongchangyongdemianyizhijiyouyimiao

、類毒素等。接種方法有皮下注射、肌肉注射
、皮膚刺種、口服
、點眼
、滴鼻、penwuxirudeng。yufangjiezhongyingyouzhenduixingdinidingnianduyufangjiezhongjihua，quedingmianyizhijidezhongleihejiezhongshijian
，ansuozhidingdegezhongdongwumianyichengxujinxingmianyijiezhong。zaiyufangjiezhonghou，yaozhuyiguanchabeijiezhongdongwudejubuhuoquanshenfanying（免疫反應）。

（2）jinjijiezhong。shizhizaifashengchuanranbingshi，weilexunsukongzhihepumieyibingdeliuxing
，erduiyiquheshouweixiequshangweifabingdedongwujinxingdeyingjixingmianyijiezhong。yingyongyimiaojinxingjinjijiezhongshi，bixuxianduidongwuqunzhutouzhidijinxingxiangxidelinchuangjianzha，zhinengduiwurenhelinchuangzhengzhuangdedongwujinxingjinjijiezhong
，duihuanbingdongwuhechuyuqianfuqidedongwu，bunengjiezhongyimiao，yinglijigelizhiliaohuopusha。

（3）牛常用免疫程序。①每年5月或10月全牛群進行一次無毒炭瘟芽孢苗的免疫注射。②按照免疫程序，定期開展牛口蹄疫疫苗免疫。一般是每隔4～5個月進行一次滅活苗免疫注射。③必須嚴格執行各級動物防疫監督機構有關免疫接種的規定，以預防地區性多發傳染病的發生和傳播。④當牛群受到某些傳染病威脅時
，應及時采用有國家正規批準文號的生物製品如抗炭瘟血清、抗氣腫瘟血清

、抗出血性敗血症血清等進行緊急接種，以治療病牛及防止疫病進一步擴散。